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UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo

UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo. Kosovo. Serbia. In Maps. Balkan Region. Serbia's Capital. Kosovo's Capital. Serbian Empire: 1346-1371.

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UN Topic Guide: The Situation In Kosovo

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  1. UN Topic Guide:The Situation In Kosovo

  2. Kosovo

  3. Serbia

  4. In Maps

  5. Balkan Region

  6. Serbia's Capital Kosovo's Capital

  7. Serbian Empire: 1346-1371 The Battle of Kosovo came to be seen as a symbol of Serbian patriotism and desire for independence in the 19th century rise of nationalism under Ottoman rule, and its significance for Serbian nationalism returned to prominence during the break-up of Yugoslavia and the Kosovo War when Slobodan Milošević invoked it during an important speech. Battle of Kosovo DEVISTATING for the Serbs… Most of their political elite died. STILL a valuable part of history. 1389: Battle of Kosovo Polje

  8. ~Ottoman Rule for 500+ years ~Incentives to convert to Islam ~Many Albanians did

  9. Yugoslavia 1929- 1991(2) ish (WWII) ish

  10. Where are they now?

  11. Brief History

  12. Yugoslavia Land of the South Slavs • At the end of World War II (1939-1945), Yugoslavia was renamed a federal republic by the Partisans, a Communist-led, anti-Axis resistance movement. • Under Josip Broz Tito, founder and leader of the Partisans, Yugoslavia emerged as a faithful copy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), with a dictatorial central government and a state-controlled economy • Tito broke with the USSR in 1948, and he decentralized the Yugoslav government and gradually eased repression • Following Tito’s death in 1980, ten years of economic crisis and growing political and ethnic conflicts led to the federation’s disintegration in 1991 and 1992. The breakup was bloody, resulting in civil wars in two successor states, Croatia and Bosnia. • 1974: Yugoslavian constitution saw Kosovo as autonomous providence within Serbia.

  13. Leading up to Slobodan • 1947: Albanian Autonomy • Kosovo: 68% of pop Serbian… • Albanian HIGH BIRTH RATE! (farmers) • Serbs leave, Kosovar Albanians MAJORITY! • 1981: Student riot across Kosovo, demanding republic status… MORE Serb immigration • 1980’s: Serbs complain of mistreatment by Albanians • 1989: Slobodan Milosevic visits Kosovo battle site • PROMISES TO END SERBIAN SUFFERING (Kosovo 89% Albanian) • 1992: He won Presidency in the Republic of Serbia • 1997- 2000: was elected the President of the Federal Republic of • Yugoslavia (really… Serbia… They just took on Yugo’s name. • Genocide of Albanians?

  14. Under Slobodan • Kosovo’s Autonomy revoked by Belgrade • Albanian’s lose jobs to Serbs (100,000) • Mistreatment of Albanians • Massive ethnic tensions • 1998: Armed conflict between Serb police and KLA (Kosovo Liberation Army) • 100,000’s of Albanians displaced! • Kosovo becomes the poorest region in Europe! • (Kosovo War: 1998-1999) • Post 1999-2004 (ish) Serbs became a target of violence and repression in Kosovo

  15. Problems that arise with no peace treaty? • Serb feeling of victimization • “Wait a sec. We saved you in 1389 at the Battle of Kosovo. How quickly you forget.” • We are just NOT appreciated. • Kosovar Albanian population is driven to Macedonia which has a small Albanian population. • “Where are all you Albanians coming from? Are we going to be a minority? • I smell trouble. • Kosovo economically depressed and ‘backwards’ • Why do you Serbs really want Kosovo anyway?” • Orthodox Greeks sympathetic to orthodox Serbs • “Harumph. What is NATO up to now?” • Russia is concerned about the success of insurgents • “If these ones succeed, they will ALL succeed! Never!”

  16. Why would Serbia want Kosovo Anyway? • Mineral Wealth • In northern Kosovo, near the town of Mitrovica, sits a huge dilapidated industrial site known as the Trepca mining complex. During the 1980s, it employed 20,000 workers and accounted for 70 percent of all Yugoslavia’s mineral wealth. One economist described Trepca as a “colossal conglomerate composed of more than forty mines, foundries, and subsidiary plants—which [at its height] generated 25 percent of the entire regional industrial production and figured among the principal exporters of the ex-Yugoslavia.” According to the same study, “In the subsoil of Kosovo, one of the richest of Europe, enormous deposits are hidden of lignite, lead, zinc, non-ferric metals, gold, silver and petroleum,” on top of 17 billion tons of coal. • History • Battle of Kosovo

  17. International Response?

  18. NATO Involvement • 9/98: NATO ultimatum to Milosevic to halt crackdown on Albanians • 12/98-2/99: Peace talks outside Paris between Kosovar Albanian leaders and Serbian Government • 3/99: Belgrade rejects peace agreement that has been signed by Albanians • 3/24/99: NATO launches air strike from Italy on targets in Serbia AND Kosovo. Albanians displaced. • 3/99-6/99: NATO offensive continues. Over 600,000 Albanians flee or driven from province. 500,000 internally displaced. • 6/99: Interim peace agreement signed, bombings halt. Serb forces withdraw from Kosovo

  19. Past UN Actions • Security Council 1244: 1999 • This resolution made Kosovo a UN protectorate. • Links to other Kosovo Resolutions • Martti Ahtisaari Plan: • UN diplomat and Former Finnish President • Plan for supervised self-determination for Kosovo. • EU • Economic impacts • Works to help Kosovo to conform to European Bank standards • Integrate to the Euro? • Has clout: If Serbia was NOT in the EU, and all other Balkan neighbors were… even Kosovo… would make Serbia second class!

  20. UN Resolutions • In June 1999, following a 78 day-long NATO campaign, the United Nations was tasked to govern Kosovo through its Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), with an unprecedented sweeping mandate to provide Kosovo with a “transitional administration while establishing and overseeing the development of provisional democratic self-governing institutions to ensure conditions for a peaceful and normal life for all inhabitants in Kosovo.” • In accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 1244, UNMIK established an international presence in Kosovo. Over the eight years since, as Kosovo’s Provisional Institutions of Self Government (PISG) were established and gained capacity to assume more responsibilities, UNMIK has moved back from an executive role to one of monitoring and support to local institutions. UNMIK, in its present form, is now into its final chapter before status resolution. The United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo or UNMIK is the interim civilian administration in Kosovo, under the authority of the United Nations. The mission was established on 10 June 1999 by Security Council Resolution 1244. Whilst UNMIK still exists, it does so in a minor role following the creation, in December 2008, of the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX). EULEX assists and supports the Kosovo authorities in the rule of law area, specifically in the police, judiciary and customs areas.

  21. Options for the Future… • Option 1: Independence • Demanded by Albanians and Kosovars. • Rejected by Serbia and Russia • US has expressed support • Serbs claim they WILL war to prevent this • Economic ramifications? • Option 2: Autonomy within Serbia • Demanded by Serbia (Serbs thinks this is ‘Grand Compromise’) • Rejected by Albanians • Russia expressed support • May lead to Guerrilla/ military action by Albanians • Option 3: Partition • N. Districts of Kosovo would be part of Serbia, rest independent • Albanians would lose industrial north • There are Serb pockets in the south

  22. Results?As of 11/13/2009 In Maps

  23. Serbia and Kosovo Today • Kosovo: • Ethnic groups:Albanians 88%, Serbs 7%, other 5% (Bosniak, Gorani, Roma, Turk, Ashkali, Egyptian) • Religions:Muslim, Serbian Orthodox, Roman Catholic • Languages:Albanian (official), Serbian (official), Bosnian, Turkish, Roma • Independence: 17 February 2008 (from Serbia) • EU Report on Kosovo • Serbia • Ethnic groups:Serb 82.9%, Hungarian 3.9%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.4%, Yugoslavs 1.1%, Bosniaks 1.8%, Montenegrin 0.9%, other 8% (2002 census) • Religions:Serbian Orthodox 85%, Catholic 5.5%, Protestant 1.1%, Muslim 3.2%, unspecified 2.6%, other, unknown, or atheist 2.6% (2002 census) • Languages:Serbian 88.3% (official), Hungarian 3.8%, Bosniak 1.8%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.1%, other 4.1%, unknown 0.9% (2002 census) note: Romanian, Hungarian, Slovak, Ukrainian, and Croatian all official in Vojvodina • Independence: 5 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro)

  24. More Current Events • Kosovo unveils Clinton's statue • Kosovo independence declaration anniversary • Serbia Pledges Cooperation Before Karadzic Trial

  25. Today! • 2. Kosovo authorities continued to act on the basis of the “Constitution of the • Republic of Kosovo” and made a series of public statements requesting UNMIK to • conclude its mission, asserting that Security Council resolution 1244 (1999) is no • longer relevant and that they had no legal obligation to abide by it. Since my last • report to the Security Council (S/2009/149), four additional States have recognized • Kosovo, bringing the total to 60.

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