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Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs. Topics. How many kinds of dinosaurs were there? How big were dinosaurs? How fast were dinosaurs? What about the origin of Dinosaurs? When did dinosaurs live? What happened to the dinosaurs?. Dinosaur Numbers. How many kinds of dinosaurs have been found?.

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Dinosaurs

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  1. Dinosaurs

  2. Topics • How many kinds of dinosaurs were there? • How big were dinosaurs? • How fast were dinosaurs? • What about the origin of Dinosaurs? • When did dinosaurs live? • What happened to the dinosaurs?

  3. Dinosaur Numbers How many kinds of dinosaurs have been found? Some scientists believe over 700 Is this true?

  4. Kinds

  5. How Big Were Dinosaurs?

  6. Not All Dinosaurs Were BIG Compsognathus Komp-sog-NAY-thus A small dinosaur Height: 24 inches Length: 40 inches Weight: 8 pounds

  7. How Fast Were Dinosaurs? Estimated speeds • Stegosaurs About 15 mph • Tyrannosaurus About 20 mph • Olympic runner 29 mph • Triceratops About 20 mph • Horse 45 mph • Lion 45 mph • Cheetah 65 mph

  8. Teaching About Dinosaurs What do children want to know? • They want to see pictures and movies • They want to pronounce the names What is important to teach? • Think like a scientist • Observe – what is the observable data? • Examine the evidence • Formulate ideas (conclusions)

  9. Teaching About Dinosaurs CriticalThinking • What was the evidence presented? • Was a conclusion made without empirical evidence? • Learn to identify assumptions. • Consider alternative explanations.

  10. Origin of Dinosaurs? The Standard Story About 220 million years ago, the first dinosaurs evolved from mammal-like reptiles or amphibians, long before man evolved. These creatures ruled the earth for millions of years and then became extinct. Is a conclusion being made without supporting evidence?

  11. Evolution and Evidence Critical thinking The Origin of Dinosaurs Thecondonts “Small lizards that ran on two legs and gave rise to the giant reptiles collectively known as the dinosaurs” The Nature of Life, 1995 The only evidence presented in any major biology textbook

  12. Evolution and Critical Thinking • How could a small reptile evolve into a large dinosaur? • There is a large jump between thecondonts and dinosaurs. • Shouldn’t there be thousands (millions) of intermediate fossils to support this claim? • Every major biology textbook was unable to document a single line of evidence to support the evolution claim for the origin of dinosaurs. Great claims require REAL evidence

  13. Fossil Record Steven Stanley (Johns Hopkins University Paleontologist), Macroevolution: Pattern and Process, 1979, p. 39. “The known fossil record fails to document a single example of phyletic evolution accomplishing a major morphologic transition and hence offers no evidence that the gradualistic model can be valid.” www.icr.org www.answersingenesis.org

  14. Fossil Record and Museums Do we see intermediate dinosaur forms in museums? Great claims require real evidence

  15. Origin of Dinosaurs Biblical Model And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and everything that creepth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good. . . . And the evening and the morning were the sixth day. Genesis 1:25, 31

  16. The Bible and Evidence The Biblical model makes two claims: • Dinosaurs were created after their kind (no intermediates) • Dinosaurs and people lived at the same time

  17. What evidence is there that dinosaurs lived at the same time as people? Dinosaurs were not recognized to exist until the 1800’s Any mention of dinosaurs (dragons) prior to the 1800’s is evidence that people saw dinosaurs

  18. Dragons and History Many historical accounts of large dinosaur-like creatures “Africa produces elephants, but it is India that produces the largest, as well as the dragon…” Pliny, Natural History, 70 AD

  19. Dragons and History Aelian, De Natura Animalium, 220 AD “The Phrygian History also states that dragons are born which reach ten paces in length…”

  20. People and Dinosaurs • Ancient drawings (petroglyphs) • Dinosaur bones that are not fossilized (unmineralized) North Shore of Alaska: many thousands of bones lack any significant degree of mineralization. The bones look and feel like old cow bones.

  21. Carlisle Cathedral NorthernEngland

  22. Carlisle Cathedral Carpet Tomb of Bishop Richard Bell Died in 1496

  23. Brass Engravings Long Neck Long Tail

  24. “First, I must explain that the person you met was the Head Verger who is under strict instructions from the Chapter not to allow the removal of the carpet from the Bishop Bell Brass by anyone…” “On another point, whilst agreeing that the brass is important, I cannot condone the retelling of the tale of ‘dinosaurs’ on it! Indeed, the story does more to discredit the Cathedral and the Christian faith rather than promote them.”

  25. New Dinosaur Find Artist Drawing A mummified dinosaur carcass found in Montana (duck-billed hadrosaur) Soft tissues covering 90% of the fossil include muscle, nail material, a beak, and skin were preserved.

  26. Mummified Dinosaur http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news “His fossilized skeleton is covered in soft tissue -skin, scales, muscle, foot pads - and even his last meal is in his stomach.” “Leonardo's stomach contents are so well-preserved that researchers can tell what he had for his last supper; a salad of ferns, conifers, and magnolias. The stomach also contained the pollen of more than 40 different plants.”

  27. Teaching About Dinosaurs • The evolution story is based on faith not real evidence • The Bible teaches that people and dinosaurs lived at the same time • The evidence (fossils) supports the Biblical claim: • Created after their kind • People and dinosaurs lived at the same time

  28. People and Dinosaurs What did people do with dinosaurs?

  29. What Happened to the Dinosaurs? One more theory • Dinosaurs starved to death • They died from overeating • They were poisoned • They became blind from cataracts and could not reproduce • Mammals ate their eggs • Other causes include-volcanic dust, poisonous gases, comets, sunspots, meteorites, mass suicide, constipation, parasites, shrinking brain (and greater stupidity), slipped discs, changes in the composition of air, …

  30. People ate the dinosaurs

  31. The Popular Theory 65 million years ago a meteor destroyed all the dinosaurs

  32. Meteor Impact Theory Next page Evaluating the theory: 2 evidences • Layer of iridium located at the northern end of Mexico's Yucatan peninsula (Chicxulub) • Buried a kilometer below ground and dated at 65 million years old Alleged meteor impact

  33. Evaluating the Evidence: 1 • Why did the alleged impact kill off the dinosaurs while many other forms of life remained healthy? • Some of the least mobile creatures (tortoises, snakes, crocodiles) and the most sensitive to climatic change (birds, fish) are still with us today. • Plants also survived the cataclysm in great abundance.

  34. Evaluating the Evidence: 2 It is not certain that Chicxulub is an actual impact site. The iridium concentration in the region could have resulted from volcanic processes.

  35. What happened to the Dinosaurs? Dinosaurs evolved into birds

  36. Textbooks and Science Biology, Miller and Levine, 2000, p. 724. “Ask many paleontologists what a bird is and they’ll reply with a grin, ‘a hot-blooded dinosaur with feathers.’… The first fossil ever found of an early birdlike animal is called Archaeopteryx and dates from late in the Jurassic period.”

  37. Reptile to Bird • Development of feathers • Reform of respiratory system • Reform of skeletal system – hollow bones • Reform of digestive system • Reform of nervous system • Construction of bills & beaks • Mastery of nest building • Acquisition of flight • Development of sound producing organ

  38. The Origin of Birds Andy McIntosh (Ph.D. Combustion Theory), Genesis for Today, Day One, 1997, p. 172. “Flight alone demolishes any concept of evolution.”

  39. Archaeopteryx Alan Feduccia (World authority on birds), Science, “Archaeopteryx: Early Bird Catches a Can of Worms”, 1993 “Paleontologists have tried to turn Archaeopteryx into an earth-bound, feathered dinosaur. But it’s not. It is a bird, a perching bird. And no amount of ‘paleobabble’ is going to change that.”

  40. History of Evolution and Birds 1993: Time Magazine featured the “flightless bird” Mononykus as the dino-bird link It turned out not to be a bird, but a theropod 1996: “Feathered fossil proves some dinosaurs evolved into birds.” (Sinosauropteryx prima) Four leading paleontologists discovered that the feathers were just a parallel array of fibers

  41. History of Evolution and Birds The story exposed National Geographic Society and the feathered dinosaur “Archaeoraptor” October 15, 1999

  42. History of Evolution and Birds R. Monastersky, “All mixed up over birds and dinosaurs,” Science News, January 15, 2000 “Red-faced and downhearted, paleontologists are growing convinced that they have been snookered by a bit of fossil fakery from China. The ‘feathered dinosaur’ specimen that they recently unveiled to much fanfare apparently combines the tail of a dinosaur with the body of a bird.”

  43. Information New Information In order for evolution to occur there must be some mechanism that will cause new information to be added to the organism’s DNA structure New DNA

  44. Mechanism for Change Natural Selection Mutations Can natural selection and mutations create new information in DNA?

  45. Natural Selection Elmer Noble, Ph.D. Zoology, Glenn Nobel, Ph.D. Biology, Gerhard Schad, Ph.D. Biology, Austin MacInnes, Ph.D. Biology, Parasitology: The Biology of Animal Parasites, 1989, p. 516. “Natural selection can act only on those biological properties that already exist; it cannot create properties in order to meet adaptational needs.”

  46. Detrimental Neutral Beneficial Add information Disease No change No Yes No evolution No evolution Change morphology yes No No evolution Evolution possible Mutation

  47. “But in all the reading I’ve done in the life-sciences literature, I’ve never found a mutation that added information… All point mutations that have been studied on the molecular level turn out to reduce the genetic information and not increase it.” Mutations Lee Spetner (Ph.D. Physics – MIT, taught information and communications at Johns Hopkins University), Not By Chance, 1997, pp. 131, 138

  48. Mutations Ray Bohlin, (Ph.D. in molecular and cell biology), Creation, Evolution, and Modern Science, 2000, p. 41. “We see the apparent inability of mutations truly to contribute to the origin of new structures. The theory of gene duplication in its present form is unable to account for the origin of new genetic information – a must for any theory of evolutionary mechanism.”

  49. Mutations Maxim D. Frank-Kamenetski, Unraveling DNA, 1997, p. 72. (Professor at Brown U. Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering) “Mutations are rare phenomena, and a simultaneous change of even two amino acid residues in one protein is totally unlikely. … One could think, for instance, that by constantly changing amino acids one by one, it will eventually be possible to change the entire sequence substantially… continued

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