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Data Communication

Data Communication. IOS110 I & J Week 3 Fall 2011. Communication. Both Servers and Clients require guidelines that permit communication across a network The language used by computers are called Protocols Protocol guidelines consist of the following:

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Data Communication

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  1. Data Communication IOS110 I & J Week 3 Fall 2011

  2. Communication • Both Servers and Clients require guidelines that permit communication across a network • The language used by computers are called Protocols Protocol guidelines consist of the following: • How data that is formatted into Packets and Frames • How packets and frames are sent across the network • How packets and Frames are handled at the receiving end

  3. Transmitting Data Ethernet • Ethernet is a standard communications protocol embedded in software and hardware devices, intended for building a Local Area Network (LAN). • Frames travel within Ethernet, sent from one computer and received by one or more computers, within a LAN • Frames contain Packets of Data • Data traveling through the Internet begin and end within Ethernet connections. • Ethernet is simple to maintain, reliable and low cost

  4. Transmitting Data Packets and Frames http://www.highteck.net/EN/Ethernet/Ethernet.html

  5. Transmitting Data Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) • TCP/IP is the communication protocol for the internet. • TCP/IP defines how computers should connect to the Internet and how data is transmitted between them • Inside the TCP/IP standard there are additional protocols for handling data communication: • TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) communication between applications • IP (Internet Protocol) communication between computers

  6. Transmitting Data Transmission Control Protocol • Applications (browsers, e-mail) use TCP to begin and end transmissions to the Internet • TCP ensures data is sent in the correct format and sequence and that received data is reassembled in the correct sequence • TCP is Connection-Oriented-Communication Internet Protocol (IP) • IP handles routing of packets (Source IP, Destination IP, Sequence number, time-to-live, etc) • Packets can pass through Routers that re-send data to final destination. Several routers may be involved (hops) ***. • Does not perform error checking (TCP does that) • IPv4 and IPv6 are two versions of IP ***http://www.yougetsignal.com/tools/visual-tracert/

  7. IP Classes There are three common classes available for IP addressing (IPv4). They are; Class A. The first octet (10.X.X.X) denotes the network address, and the last three octets are the host portion. Any IP address whose first octet is between 1 and 126 is a class A address. (126 networks/16,777,214 addresses per network) Class B. The first two octets (130.10.X.X) denote the network address, and the last two octets are the host portion. Any address whose first octet is in the range 128 to 191 is a class B address. (16,384 networks/65,532 addresses per network) Class C. The first three octets (198.50.125.X) denote the network address, and the last octet is the host portion. The first octet range of 192 to 223 is a class C address. (2,097,152 networks/254 addresses per network) What address range is missing from class A? Look at class A and B for a clue.

  8. IP Classes Each IP Class contains a group of address that are intended for a private networks (non-routable IP’s). Class A. 10.0.0.0–10.255.255.255. A single class A network Class B. 172.16.0.0–172.31.255.255. A group of 16 contiguous class B Networks Class C. 192.168.0.0–192.168.255.255. A contiguous group of 256 class C networks If these are private addresses, how do we access the Internet?

  9. Net Address Translation (NAT) NAT translation is accomplished from with a router, that tracks the tracks the private IP address of the computer sending or receiving data. Note the additional identifier added to the source IP address. NAT adds this number so that it can send data back to the proper IP address when data is returned to the private network.

  10. Reading • Complete reading of chapter 1. You are responsible for the entire chapter. • Begin reading chapter 2.

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