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What is listening?. “Listening involves making sense of spoken language, normally accompanied by other sounds and visual input, with the help of our relevant prior knowledge and the context in which we are listening.”.
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What is listening? “Listening involves making sense of spoken language, normally accompanied by other sounds and visual input, with the help of our relevant prior knowledge and the context in which we are listening.” Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, p. 180.
Issues in Listening 1. Models of Listening 2. Types of Listening 3. Processes of Listening 4. Listening Skills 5. Listening Strategies Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, pp. 181-187.
Theories or Models of Listening 1. Communication Theory Model 2. Information Processing Model 3. Social / Contextual Model 4. Situated Action Model Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, pp. 181-182.
How do we gain insights into listening? Settings WHERE Methods HOW Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, pp. 188-189.
Settings for Gathering Data on Listening 1. Experiments 2. Pedagogic Tasks 3. Test Performances 4. Ethnographic Research Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, pp. 188-189.
Methods for Gathering Data on Listening 1. Observation 2. Introspection 3. Retrospection Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, pp. 189-190.
Difficulty Factors in Listening • Input Characteristics • Language • Explicitness • Organization • Content • Context • Task Characteristics Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, p. 191.
Skills Training 1. Discriminating between similar sounds. 2. Coping with and processing ‘fast speech’. 3. Processing stress and intonational differences. 4. Processing the meaning of different discourse markers. 5. Understanding communicative functions and the non-one-to-one equivalence between form and function. Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, pp. 193-194.
Summary of Four Important Points 1. Types of Listening One-Way Listening Two-Way Listening 2. Processes Listening Bottom-Up Processing Top-Down Processing 3. Teaching versus Testing of Listening 4. Strategy Instruction Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, pp. 181-182.
