从句学习

1. 从句学习 定语从句与状语从句

2. 定语从句 • I don’t like lazy people. • 我不喜欢不守信用的人 • I don’t like people who never keep their word. • 两个重要的概念 • 先行词 • 关系词

3. Attributive Clause（定语从句） • 概念 • 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句.被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。 He is an English teacherwho likes singing songs. 先行词 定语从句 引导词 关系代词 :who﹑whom﹑that﹑which﹑whose 引导词 关系副词:where﹑when﹑why

4. 关系词在定语从句充当的成分 • 1 关系词用作从句的主语 • 简单句变为定语从句 • The woman is a famous dancer and she lives next door. • The woman who lives next door is a famous dancer.

5. 2 简单句合并为一个含有定语从句的句子 • I like guys and they have a good sense of humor. • I like guys who have a good sense of humor.

6. 关系词用作从句中动词的宾语 • i ’ really like to find a friend and I can trust him completely. • I ’d really like to find a friend …I can trust completely.

7. 更多例句 • 他是我见过的最好的法语老师 • He is the best grammar teacher who I have ever seen. • It’s hard to have a friend who you can trust completely. • He is the student who the teacher likes to praise for his hard work.

8. 关系词用作从句中介词的宾语 • I’m talking about friend and you can share almost everything with them. • I’m talking about friend who you can share almost everything with. • Who 充当介词的宾语 • 我这里说的朋友，是指那些你几乎可以把一切与之分享的人。

9. 注意：定语从句中的省略现象 • 作宾语的关系词可以省去 • 1 I’d really like to find a friend() I can trust completely. • 2 I’m talking about friends() you can share almost everything with. • 3 I hope I never have a boss() I can’t talk to about my problems. • 注意：在从句中作主语的关系词无法省去。比如：不能说 • I like guys () have a good sense of humor.

10. 关系代词与先行词的搭配关系 • 关系代词： • 关系副词： • Whom, which, that, whose, when, where, why • 1先行词指人, 用关系代词：who whom • 2表示人或物的所有关系，用whose • 3 先行词指物， 用关系代词 which • 4 that 可以指代人，也可以指代物。

12. 关系词的作用： 1、连接作用 把主句和从句连接起来 2、替代作用 在从句中代替在它前面 的先行词 3、成分作用 在从句中充当一个成分

13. that/who 例1. The man __________ gave you the talk yesterday is our teacher. 指人: that/who (主语)

14. (who/whom/that) 例2: The boy_________________ the nurse is looking after is my friend. 指人: who/whom/that(宾语,可省略)

15. that/which 例3: The car________________ is red was damaged yesterday. 指物: that/which (主语)

16. 例4: The question_______________ I don’t understand is about grammar. (that/which) 指物: that/which (宾语,可省略)

17. Titanic is the ship ___________sank after hitting an iceberg. which/that __________

18. the city/ get the chance to host the 2008 Olympic Games ____ Beijing is the city has got the chance to host the 2008 Olympic Games. which /that

19. a nurse/ die in the fight against SARS Ye Xin is a nurse died in the fight against SARS. who/that

20. 1. The girl _______ is sitting in the chair is a good singer. 2. The skirt __________ Mary bought two years ago is old. 3. Is this the novel __________ you introduced to me? 4. Where is the boy _______ broke the window? 5. Luckily none of the people_________ I know were killed in the earthquake. who/that which/that that/which who/that who/whom

21. 限制性与非限制性定语从句 • 限制性: 不用逗号隔开 • 对一个名词提供必要的信息，一说明定语从句所修饰的先行词的身份和性质。 • I don’t like people. • I don’t like people who are never on time. • I don’t like people who never keep their words. • There are two factors. • There are two factors which determine an individual’s intelligence. • He is a man who is of value to the people.

22. 判断下面句子 • 1Those people, who think that reading selectively is better, believe that good books are as many as bad books. • 2 some people think that it is an ancient Chinese custom which should be preserved.

23. 非限制性定语从句---用逗号隔开 • 非限制定语从句用来提供附加的而非必要的信息，只是对先行词作进一步的解释，补充或说明。如果去掉定语从句，整个主句的意义一样很明确，不会引起误解和歧义。 • 分类学习

24. 一 专有名词 • 如果定语从句修饰一个专有名词，一般要用逗号分隔先行词与定语从句。 • My mother, who is 50 this year, lives with me now. • I asked my mother, who is 80, whether she’d ever seen snow in Iraq before, and her answer was no. • Beijing , which is the capital of china, has developed into an international city. • Hawaii, which consists of eight principal islands, is a favorite vacation spot.

25. 二 类指名词 • 普通名词作为先行词的情况，普通名词若是用来表示类指，即表示的是同一类事物，而非具体的某一个事物，此时，用非限制性从句。 • An elephant, which is the earth’s largest land mammal, has few natural enemies other than human beings. • One of the elephants which we saw at the zoo had only one tusk.(象牙)

26. 用或不用逗号，句义有差别 • 在英文中，还有一类句子，用限制性或非非限制性定语从句都可以，但强调的意义不一样，即句义不同，试比较。 • He has a daughter who works in a hospital. • He has a daughter ,who works in a hospital. • The food which wasn’t in the fridge all went off. • The food, which wasn’t in the fridge, all went off.

27. The cab drivers who knew about the traffic jam took another road. • The cab drivers, who knew about the traffic jam, took another road.

28. 非限制性定语从句的翻译 • 注意：现制定定语从句一般翻译成定语的形式…… 的， 而非限定定语从句往往会译成各种状语形式。 • 1 The food, which wasn’t in the fridge, all went off.(译成原因状语从句) • 食物都坏了,因为没有放在冰箱里. • 2 The Ambassador gave a dinner to the scientists ,with whom he especially wished to talk.（译成原因状语从句） • 大使宴请了那些科学家,因为他特别想与他们交谈一下. • 3 The people were desperate for work, any work, which could support their family.（译成条件状语从句） • 人们急于找到工作，什么工作都行,只要能养家糊口. • 4 The millionaire had another house built, which he didn’t need at all.(译成让步状语从句) • 那位百万富翁又建了一幢房子,尽管他并不需要.

29. 定语从句与同位语从句的区分 • 关键点：that 引导的定语从句和同位语从句的区别。 • 二者在结构上有相似性，都是名词+that 从句， 这里的名词都称作先行词。 • 1 从结构上区分：that是否作成分。 • 2 从意义上区分：that引导的从句的意义不同。

30. 1 从结构上区分：that 是否做成分 • That 在定语从句中要充当成分，比如作从句的主语或宾语；而that在同位语从句中不作任何成分，仅起连词的作用。也就是说： • 定语从句的结构是“ 名词+that+不完整的句子，” • 同位语从句的结构是名词+that+完整的陈述句

31. 例句分析:判断下列句子分别是什么从句。 • 1 1） The rumor that he spread everywhere turned out to be untrue. • 2 ）The rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to be untrue. • 2 1）The fact that we talked about is very important. • 2) The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.

32. 2 从意义上区分：that 引导的从句的意义不同。 • 定语从句相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰，描述和限制的作用；同位语从句相当于一个名词，对其前面名词饿内容的具体表达，二者是同位关系。 • 1 1) The news that you heard is not true. • 2) The news that Lincoln was murdered at a theater is true. • 2 1) The fact that you point out made me interested. • 2) The fact that there are no lives on the moon is known to us all.

33. 思维训练 • 请判断下列句子是定语从句还是同位语从句。 • He turned down the proposal that she offered at the meeting. • He turned down the proposal that she should be sent abroad to study.

34. 状语从句练习 • 状语从句种类 • 时间状语从句 • 地点状语从句 • 原因状语从句 • 目的状语从句 • 结果状语从句 • 条件状语从句 • 让步状语从句 • 比较状语从句

35. 原因状语从句练习 • 常见连词 • Because, for, as ,since • 当中because 能用强调词 only, just, perhaps等修饰. • 例句学习 • 1 我的哥们都不喜欢我,是因为我长相英俊又事业又成. • My close friends don’t like me because I am handsome and successful. • 2 可能因为现在的大多数跨国婚姻都是基于真爱,所以夫妇俩都很努力地克服双方的差异. • Perhaps because most of today’s cross-cultural marriage occur because of their true love, these couples make great efforts/work hard to overcome their differences.

36. 原因状语从句练习 • 3 我们明天没有课, 为什么不出去野餐呢? • 4 你是学英语专业的,我猜想你能帮我解决这个句子. • Since we don’t have classes tomorrow, why not go out for a picnic? • Since you are an English major, I guess you can help me with the sentence.

37. 原因状语从句练习 • 连词as与since的用法差不多,所引出的理由在说话人看来已经很明显,或已为听话人所熟悉而不需要because加以强调. • 1 由于周一是法定假日,所有的政府机关都将休息. • National holiday/ government offices • As Monday is a national holiday, all government offices will be closed. • 连词for表示推断的理由,是对前面分句的内容加以解释或说明. • 昨晚下雨了,因为今天早上地都湿了. • It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.

38. 连词总结 • 比较而言: • as和for 引导的主,从句,二者处于平等位置. • Because 引导的从句显得比主句重要,强调原因. • since 引导的从句显得次要,而主句重要,以说明将要做什么事.

39. 用介词表示因果关系 • 常见的介词有: • Because of ,due to ,owing to 介词后面不能接从句 • We had an accident because he was careless. • We had an accident due to his carelessness. • Owing to his carelessness we had an accident.

40. 思维训练 • 1 ____ you are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight. • 2____ the cold weather, we dicided not to go out. • 3 It was ___he was so young that he could’ t do it.

41. 目的状语从句 • 常用的从句连接词 so that, in order that, that,另外,在目的状语从句中常含有情态动词,比如may/might或could/ can 等. • 1 我关掉了电视,好让我的室友安静地学习. • I turned off the TV in order that my roommates could study in peace and quite. • 2 小的时候,我常常睡觉时候带着手电筒上床,这样我就可以偷看连环画册而不被父母发现. • When I was a child ,I would take a flashlight to bed with me so that I could read comic books without my parents ‘ knowing about it .

42. 结果状语从句 • 常见连接词: • so …that, such…that • 1 我们学校食堂的饭菜质量真差,练苍蝇都飞到那里去减肥. • The food in our school canteen is so bad that flies go there to lose weight. • 2 外交官和螃蟹是行为方式相同的动物,因为我们无法判断他们是向前走还是想往后退.

43. Diplomats and crabs are creatures who move in such a way that it is impossible to tell whether they are coming or going. • 结果状语从句的倒装 • such/so…that引导结果状语从句,为了强调,可以倒装. • So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed. • Light travels so fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.

44. 条件状语从句 • 常见引导词: if, unless • 冬天来了,传天还会远么? • If winter comes, can spring be far behind? • 其他条件状语从句的连词 • So long as, as long as • 只要功夫深,铁杵磨成真. • So long as you work hard enough, an iron rod can be ground into a needle.

45. 让步状语从句 • 常见的引导让步状语从句的词: though, although, even though, even if • 尽管他努力了,但他还是失败了. • Although he tried hard, he failed. • 对于每一个人来说,家是不可或缺的,它永远为你守候,即使有一天你发现你要离开它. • The family is the essential presence----the thing that never leaves you, even if you find you have to leave it.