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Sistem Mikroprosesor

Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com. Sistem Mikroprosesor. Sistem Mikroprosesor. Definition: A complete electronic system built around the microprocessor to support the microprocessor operation.

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Sistem Mikroprosesor

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  1. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com Sistem Mikroprosesor

  2. Sistem Mikroprosesor Definition: A complete electronic system built around the microprocessor to support the microprocessor operation. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com • Terdiri dari : • CPU • Memory • I/O (disk drives, keyboard, mouse) • system bus • supporting circuitry • CPU as the “brain” – controls actions of all components.

  3. Microprocessor System - PC Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com ROM Floppy RAM CPU CD-ROM Supporting Circuitry Keyboard Mouse HDD

  4. Microprocessor System - Calculator Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com Memory CPU Power Supply LCD Display Keypad

  5. System Bus A µP-based system consists of many components: CPU. Memory. I/O: disk drives, keyboard, mouse. System Bus. Supporting circuitry. All components communicate using System Bus. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com

  6. System Bus Communication “highway” for all components. Contains: Data lines. Address lines. Control lines: regulate information transfer, interrupts, error signals. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com

  7. Block Diagram Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com Parallel I/O Serial I/O Interrupt Circuit System Bus Timing CPU Memory

  8. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com Minimum System/Mikrokomputer 1. CPU 2. Memory Unit 3. I/O Unit

  9. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com

  10. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com Address Bus The size of the address bus determines the total number of memory addresses available in which programs can be executed by the microprocessor For example, a microprocessor with 32 address pins can generate 2^32 = 4,294,964,296 bytes [4 gigabytes(GB)] of different possible addresses (combinations of 1 ’ s and 0’s) on the address bus. The microprocessor includes addresses from 0 to 4,294,964,295 (00000000HEX through FFFFFFFFHEX).

  11. The CPU “Master” of all components. Job: Get instructions from memory. Execute instructions. Perform calculations (may use math co-processor). Control bus operations. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com CPU

  12. The CPU CPU consists of: ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit) Performs arithmetic/ logic computations. CU (Control Unit) Responsible to retrieve instructions, analyze, then execute. Registers Fast internal storage. Used to temporarily store addresses, data, processor status. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com

  13. Memory Stores instructions and data for CPU. Each memory location given unique address. CPU refers to address to access. Types: Read-Only Memory (ROM). Random-Access Memory (RAM). Non-Volatile Memory (NVM). Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com Memory

  14. RAM, ROM and NVM Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com ROM Stores start-up instructions and critical system data and variables. Memory NVM RAM Stores general data and applications

  15. ROM Read-Only Memory: Data can be read, but cannot be written (read-only). Contents stay without power (non-volatile). Usually contains basic start-up instructions, data. Contents hard-wired during manufacturing. Newer versions can be reprogrammed: PROM: Fuse & anti-fuse. EPROM: UV light. EEPROM: Electrical current. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com

  16. ROM Examples Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com EEPROM Programmer EPROM Quartz Window

  17. NVM Non-Volatile Memory Contents can be read and written. Contents stay without power (non-volatile). Advantages: Keeps memory even with no power. Data is protected against blackouts. Rewriteable. Disadvantages: Slower than RAM.

  18. RAM Random Access Memory. Contents can be read and written. Loses data without electrical power (volatile). Advantages: Programs can be loaded and reloaded. Larger capacity. Disadvantages: Requires power, refresh cycles. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com

  19. RAM vs. ROM Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com RAM is still empty because the computer has just been started. Computer is turned on CPU looks for instructions from memory CPU loads instructions from ROM.

  20. RAM vs. ROM Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com RAM loads more advanced functions, such as the OS. ROM only has basic functions to start the computer.

  21. Timing Circuit Synchronizes all components in the system. All components refer to the clock timing for operations. Generates square waves at constant intervals. Crystal oscillator + timing circuitry. Higher clock speed allow computers to function faster. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com Timing

  22. Crystal Oscillator Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com Symbol Equivalent Circuit Sample

  23. Clock Signal Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com T T T

  24. I/O Input/Output. Connects µP with external devices: Add functionality to µP. Interfaces with µP using ports. Examples: Keyboard. Mouse. Display monitor. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com

  25. How do ports connect to system bus? Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com Built into board Using card slots.

  26. Serial I/O Sends/receives data sequentially across 2 channels. One for receive, one for transmit. Connects using serial ports. Advantages: Less crosstalk. Disadvantages: Slow. Needs special circuit to convert back to parallel (UART – Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter). Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com Serial I/O

  27. Serial Port Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com

  28. Parallel I/O Sends/receives data across multiple lines at one time. Connects using parallel ports. Advantages: Faster than serial. Simpler circuits – doesn’t need UART. Disadvantages: Crosstalk. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com Parallel I/O

  29. Parallel Port Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com

  30. Parallel vs. Serial I/O Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com 1011011010101010011010101010100011101100101 1011011010101010011010101010100011101100101 1011011010101010011010101010100011101100101 1011011010101010011010101010100011101100101 1011011010101010011010101010100011101100101 Receive Transmit Serial Port Receive/Transmit Receive/Transmit Receive/Transmit . . Parallel Port

  31. UART Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com UART 1 0 From Device To System Bus 1001 0 1 UART 1 0 To Device From System Bus 1001 0 1

  32. Interrupt Circuit Allows other components to “interrupt” normal CPU operation: Prioritize CPU tasks. Error detection mechanism. Accept inputs from devices – keystroke, mouse press. Depends on task importance: Important tasks given higher interrupts. Less important tasks queued. CPU keeps track of current interrupt level. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com Interrupt Circuit

  33. How Interrupts Work Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com CPU Device • CPU is performing • tasks normally. 2. Device has more important task that requires immediate attention. 4. CPU saves its current task so that it can return to it when the interrupt completes. 3. Device requests interrupt from CPU. 5. CPU services the interrupt. 6. CPU reloads saved task, and resumes normally.

  34. Watchdog Monitor Watchdog monitor: Special circuit - monitors the system for errors. Informs the CPU. CPU takes appropriate actions – re-execute instruction, reset system, halt processor. May work in two ways: Constantly monitor the system, and sends signal if error detected. Continuously sending signal to CPU after certain interval: If CPU receives signal, continues processing. If CPU doesn’t receive signal, something’s wrong. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com

  35. How Watchdogs Work Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com CPU Watchdog • CPU is performing • tasks normally. 1. Watchdog monitors bus for errors. 3. CPU saves its current task so that it can return to it when error is resolved. 2. If error detected, inform CPU. 4. CPU fixes the error. 5. CPU reloads saved task, and resumes normally. 5. If error is too serious, CPU may reset/halt system.

  36. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com The 68000 is provided with two Vcc (+5 V) and two ground pins Do-D15 are the 16 data bus pins. A1-A23 are the 23 address lines. A0 is obtained by encoding the … UDS (upper data strobe) LDS (lower data strobe) Source Chapter 7

  37. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com Arsitektur Mikrokomputer

  38. CPU Execution Cycle Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com

  39. CPU Execution Cycle CPU executes instructions in endless fetch, decode, execute cycles. It only knows how to do three things: Fetch instructions from somewhere. Analyze instruction, get more data if necessary. Execute instruction. Keeps track of instruction using Program Counter (PC): Tells CPU location of next instruction. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com

  40. Fetch, Decode, Execute Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com Reset Fetch Decode Execute

  41. Fetch – Step 1 Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com CPU Memory Control $1000 Instruction #1 $1001 Instruction #1 $1002 Instruction #2 Instruction Register $1003 Instruction #2 $1004 Empty Data Registers $1005 Empty CPU gets instruction address from PC $1006 Empty $1007 Data #1 $1008 Data #2 $1009 Data #3 Program Counter $1000

  42. Fetch – Step 2 Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com CPU Memory Address Bus Control $1000 $1000 Instruction #1 $1001 Instruction #1 $1002 Instruction #2 Instruction Register $1003 Instruction #2 $1004 Empty Data Registers $1005 Empty CPU outputs instruction address through Address Bus $1006 Empty $1007 Data #1 $1008 Data #2 $1009 Data #3 Program Counter $1000

  43. Fetch – Step 3 Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com CPU Memory Data Bus Control Instruction #1 $1000 Instruction #1 $1001 Instruction #1 $1002 Instruction #2 Instruction Register $1003 Instruction #2 $1004 Empty Data Registers $1005 Empty Memory gets the instruction and sends in to CPU using Data Bus. $1006 Empty $1007 Data #1 $1008 Data #2 $1009 Data #3 Program Counter $1000

  44. Fetch – Step 4 Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com CPU Memory Control $1000 Instruction #1 $1001 Instruction #1 $1002 Instruction #2 Instruction Register $1003 Instruction #2 Instruction #1 $1004 Empty Data Registers $1005 Empty CPU stores instruction in Instruction Register $1006 Empty $1007 Data #1 $1008 Data #2 $1009 Data #3 Program Counter $1000

  45. Fetch – Step 5 Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com CPU Memory Control $1000 Instruction #1 $1001 Instruction #1 $1002 Instruction #2 Instruction Register $1003 Instruction #2 Instruction #1 $1004 Empty Data Registers $1005 Empty After instruction has been loaded, CPU updates Program Counter. $1006 Empty $1007 Data #1 $1008 Data #2 $1009 Data #3 Program Counter $1002

  46. Decode – Step 1 Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com CPU Memory Control $1000 Instruction #1 $1001 Instruction #1 $1002 Instruction #2 Instruction Register $1003 Instruction #2 Instruction #1 $1004 Empty Data Registers $1005 Empty CPU analyzes instructions before executing it. $1006 Empty $1007 Data #1 $1008 Data #2 $1009 Data #3 Program Counter $1002 Type of instruction. Does the instruction require any data to perform calculations? Where are the data located?

  47. Execute – Step 1 Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com CPU Memory Address Bus Control $1007 $1000 Instruction #1 $1001 Instruction #1 $1002 Instruction #2 Instruction Register $1003 Instruction #2 Instruction #1 $1004 Empty Data Registers $1005 Empty If instruction requires data from memory, data address is placed on address bus. $1006 Empty $1007 Data #1 $1008 Data #2 $1009 Data #3 Program Counter $1002

  48. Execute – Step 2 Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com CPU Memory Data Bus Control Data #1 $1000 Instruction #1 $1001 Instruction #1 $1002 Instruction #2 Instruction Register $1003 Instruction #2 Instruction #1 $1004 Empty Data Registers $1005 Empty Memory gets the instruction and sends in to CPU using Data Bus. $1006 Empty $1007 Data #1 $1008 Data #2 $1009 Data #3 Program Counter $1002

  49. Execute – Step 3 Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com CPU Memory Control $1000 Instruction #1 $1001 Instruction #1 $1002 Instruction #2 Instruction Register $1003 Instruction #2 Instruction #1 $1004 Empty Data Registers $1005 Empty Data #1 CPU puts data inside internal data registers and execute instructions. $1006 Empty $1007 Data #1 $1008 Data #2 $1009 Data #3 Program Counter $1002

  50. Execute – Step 4 Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut.son@gmail.com CPU Memory Address Bus Control $1005 $1000 Instruction #1 $1001 Instruction #1 $1002 Instruction #2 Instruction Register $1003 Instruction #2 Instruction #1 $1004 Empty Data Bus Result #1 Data Registers $1005 Empty Data #1 $1006 Empty Result #1 $1007 Data #1 $1008 Data #2 If instruction wants to write data to memory, CPU puts its data and address on the bus. $1009 Data #3 Program Counter $1002

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