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Vital Signs and Other Assessment Surveys Theoretical Session

Vital Signs and Other Assessment Surveys Theoretical Session. Objectives. At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define vital signs. Distinguish between normal and abnormal vital signs readings.

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Vital Signs and Other Assessment Surveys Theoretical Session

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  1. Vital Signs and Other Assessment SurveysTheoretical Session

  2. Objectives • At the end of this session, each student should be able to: • Define vital signs. • Distinguish between normal and abnormal vital signs readings. • Recognize common assessment surveys that are evaluated in emergency situations (e.g., pupils, color, and level of consciousness).

  3. Definition of Vital Signsتعريف العلامات الحيوية • Vital signs are indicators to distinguish between living and non-living human being. العلامات الحيوية هي مؤشرات تميز ما بين الحي أو الميت من البشر . • The vital signs include: the temperature (درجة الحرارة), pulse (النبض), respiration (التنفس) and blood pressure (ضغط الدم). • The vital signs are used by physicians, nurses, and paramedics to assess and follow-up the clients’ condition (i.e., to detect any variation over time).

  4. The Pulse (النبض) • Pulse rate reflects the rate of the heart beating. • The pulse can be felt where an artery passes (يمر) over a bone near the surface of the body. • Common pulse sites include: • carotid, • radial, • brachial, and • femoral. • Pulse rate increases with bleeding, exercise, illness, injury, and emotions.

  5. For a healthy adult: • Normal heart rate: • At least 60 but not more than 100 beats per minute. • (60 - 100 bpm). • Tachycardia تسارع انقباض القلب: • greater than 100 beats per minute. • (> 100 bpm). • Bradycardia تباطؤ انقباض القلب: • less than 60 beats per minute. • (< 60 bpm).

  6. Respiration (التنفس) • Respiration is the means (واسطة / طريقة) by which: • oxygen (O2) enters the blood through the lungs during breathing in (inspirationالشهيق ), and • carbon dioxide (CO2) is expelled (يُخرج) during breathing out (expirationالزفير ).

  7. For a healthy adult: • Normal respiratory rate (RR) (eupnea) is 12-20 breaths/minute. • Abnormal increase in respiratory rate is called tachypnea • Abnormal decrease in respiratory rate is called bradypnea • Absence of breathing (توقف التنفس) is called apnea

  8. Temperature (درجة الحرارة) • Body temperature is measured by a thermometer (ميزان حرارة). • Normal body temperature (normothermia) ranges from 36 C° to 38 C°. • Average body temperature is 37 C° • Temperature that is higher than 38 C° is called hyperthermia. • Temperature >that is lower than 36 C° is called hypothermia.

  9. Blood pressure (BP) (ضغط الدم) • Blood pressure is the force required by the heart to pump blood into the arteries. • Blood pressure consists of (1) systolic pressure, and (2) diastolic pressure. • Systolic (higher value) is the highest pressure inside the ventricles (i.e., at the end of ventricles' contraction). • Diastolic (lower value) is the lowest pressure inside the ventricles (i.e., when the ventricles are relaxed.)

  10. Blood pressure is written as (systolic/diastolic). • Average normal Blood pressure (BP) is 120/80 mmHg. • Normal systolic pressure: 101-139 mmHg. • Systolic Hypertensionis a systolic pressure of 140 mmHg or above (most of the time). • Systolic Hypotension is a systolic pressure of 100 mmHg or lower (most of the time). • Normal diastolic pressure: 61-89 mmHg. • DiastolicHypertensionis a diastolic pressure of 90 mmHg or above (most of the time). • Diastolic Hypotension is a diastolic pressure of 60 mmHg or lower (most of the time).

  11. Other Assessment Surveys1. Pupils • Check the pupils for size, equality and reactivity to light. • Notes: • Examine both eyes. • Both pupils should constrict equally (when exposed to light).

  12. Other Assessment Surveys2. Color • Assess the color of the skin and mucous membrane (e.g., conjunctiva ملتحمة العين, inside of the lips).

  13. Other Assessment Surveys3. Level of Consciousness(LOC) مستوى الوعي • It is important to assess level of consciousness in cases of • cardiac arrest (توقف القلب), • head injuries (إصابات الرأس), and • coma (فقد الوعي).

  14. How to Assess Level of Consciousness (loc) • The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) provides a more objective way to assess the patient’s LOC. • The Glasgow Coma Scale evaluates: • best eye response, • best motor response, and • best verbal response.

  15. GCS produces a score from 3 to 15. • (A GCS of 15) (highest score) indicates that the patient is awake, alert, oriented, and able to follow simple commands. • A GCS of 3 (lowest score) indicates that the patient does not respond to any stimulus and has no motor or eye response, reflecting a very serious neurologic state with poor prognosis. • A GCS of 8 or less indicates severe head injury (comatose state) • A GCS of 9-12 indicates moderate head injury. • A GCS of 13-15 indicates minor head injury.

  16. Terms Used to Describe Level of Consciousness • Alertمتنبه يقظ : Follows commands in a timely fashion. • Lethargicنوامي كسول : Appears drowsy, may drift off to sleep during examination. • Stuporous مصاب بذهول: Requires vigorous stimulation (shaking, shouting) for a response. • Comatoseمصاب بغيبوبة : Does not respond appropriately to either verbal or painful stimuli.

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