ECEN 4341/5341

1. ECEN 4341/5341 Currents and Voltages in the Body Lecture 5 . 1/25/2019

2. Assignment • 1 Read Chapters 2 and 3 • 2. Read two papers and write a 1 page summary on each. One paper should be on exposures from external sources of electric or magnetic fields or on internally generated fields from within the body.

3. Electrical Voltages and Currents In the Body 1. The Body is an Electro Chemical System A. Basic Sources of Energy are the Metabolic Processes in the mitochondria which supply about 95% of the energy for the cell by combining O2 with glucose to form ATP. This in turn supplies the energy for the pumps that maintain the ion gradients across membranes and generate the electric potentials of -50 to -100mV between the outside and the inside of a cell. This leads to trans membrane fields on the order of 107V/m B. There are also endogenous electric fields in the extracellular fluids in the range of 10 to 100V/m

4. Cell Models

5. 1

6. Source of Electric Fields 1. Plasma membrane that defines the cell boundary and the voltage is negative on the inside. 2. The Epithelium that surrounds every organ and the skin. This leads to the TransepithelialPotential, TEP, which is positive on the inside. 3. The TEP fields move ions and molecules around and are the driving force for the growth of embryos and wound healing etc.

7. 1 • K+ • K+-selective channels • Na+ • K+ • Cilium • Inner Segment • Active transport • Figure 1.1 Diagram of a single retinal rod cell illustrating the segregation of ion chan- nels that leads to the generation of a dark current. Na+ channels found only in the outer segment are gated by cGMP and pass the positive inward current there. K+ channels are localized in the inner segment and pass the outward current. Photon absorbance by rho- dopsin in the outer segment triggers a transduction reaction that results in the reduction of cGMP and leads to the reduction of the inward Na+ current.

9. A Cell Membrane Cartoon • Voltage inside - 50 to -100mV about 1 charge per atoms

10. 1 • 1

11. Transepithelial Potential • 1. Note separation of the Na and K channels 15-60mV

12. Current Densities 1. Currents across cell membranes 1 μA/cm2 to 10μA/cm2 the interior of the cell is negative. 2. The Transepithelial Potential (TEP) is positive at the inside of the skin. Current densities from 10μA /cm2 to 100 μA /cm2 3. Shocks at approximately 10 mA

13. Lecture 6 • Monday 28 2019

14. Chick Embryos

15. Effects are Time Dependent • Applied external currents can cause abnormalities in the neural-stage embryo stage and not Gastrula-stage • At 25-75 mV/mm leads to abnormalities

16. Measurements Around an Chick Embryo

17. Currents As Function of Position

18. Voltage Gradients

19. Planarian Regeneration

20. Growth of Planarian FlatwormIn an Electric Field. Wendy Beane • In vivo studies show that electric fields have a lot to do in controlling the size and shape of the growth.

21. Limb Currents Amputated Limbs 10 to 100μA/cm2 out of the cut. 60 mV/mm to start and down to 25mV/mm within 6hr (Note in other units these are Volts/meter) Growth occurs toward negative electrode. Used to guide direction of nerve growth. The currents during growth in a root or other cell can flow in one end and back into the side of the cell. We have seen effects as low as 0.2 mV across a membrane in changing the oscillation of pacemaker cells or fields of 0.01V/m Electroporation 1 .5 to 3V/cell

22. Currents Near Wounds

23. Current Flow at a Cut

24. Electric Fields Near a Cut

25. Equivalent Circuit Model