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Chapter 6. Weather, Climate, and Biomes. Driving Question. What’s the difference between weather and climate?.
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Chapter 6 Weather, Climate, and Biomes
Driving Question What’s the difference between weather and climate? Physical properties of the troposphere of an area based on analysis of its weather records over a long period (at least 30 years). The two main factors determining an area's climate are temperature, with its seasonal variations, and the amount and distribution of precipitation. Short-term changes in the temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, precipitation, sunshine, cloud cover, wind direction and speed, and other conditions in the troposphere at a given place and time. Result of interactions between high and low pressure air masses.
Summarize how warm fronts, cold fronts, high-pressure air masses, and low-pressure air masses effect weather Fronts: Air masses with different temperatures moving into one another Warm fronts have warm air moving over cold air - as air rises moisture condenses to eventually form clouds ( warm moist front could lead to many cloudy rainy days) Cold fronts force warm air to rise and condense forming thunderheads
High Pressure Cool dense air moves toward the ground and warms up = nice weather Low Pressure Warm air moves toward the lower pressure center of the low and then rises, cools and moisture condenses, forming clouds and perhaps precipitation.
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Figure 6-10 Page 117 HIGH PRESSURE LOW PRESSURE HIGH PRESSURE LOW PRESSURE LOW PRESSURE HIGH PRESSURE Heat released radiates to space Condensation and precipitation Cool, dry air Rises, expands, cools Falls, is compressed, warms Warm, dry air Hot, wet air Flows toward low pressure, picks up moisture and heat Moist surface warmed by sun
Driving question 2 What are five different factors which contribute to global air-circulation patterns 1. Uneven heating of the earth’s surface 2. Seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation 3. Rotation of the earth on its axis 4. Long-term variations in the amount of solar energy striking the earth 5. Properties of air and water
Figure 6-11Page 118 Cell 3 North Cold, dry air falls Moist air rises — rain Polar cap Cell 2 North Arctic tundra Evergreen coniferous forest 60° Cool, dry air falls Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Cell 1 North Desert 30° Moist air rises, cools, and releases moisture as rain Tropical deciduous forest Tropical rain forest 0° Equator Tropical deciduous forest 30° Cell 1 South Desert Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Cool, dry air falls 60° Cell 2 South Polar cap Cold, dry air falls Moist air rises — rain Cell 3 South
Driving Question 3 How do ocean currents generally redistribute heat?
Figure 6-12Page 118 Solar radiation Convection cell Equator Warm current Cool current Warm air Cool current Warm water Warm current Polar front Cool air Cold water
Figure 6-7Page 116 Warm ocean current Warm temperate Highland Polar (ice) Cold ocean current Dry Major upwelling zones Subarctic (snow) River Tropical Cool temperate
Driving Question 4 Describe an upwelling and how it might be affected by an El Nino-Southern Oscillation.
Figure 6-13Page 119 Movement of surface water Wind Diving birds Fish Upwelling Zooplankton Phytoplankton Nutrients
Figure 6-14 (1)Page 119 Surface winds blow westward EQUATOR SOUTH AMERICA Warm waters pushed westward AUSTRALIA Warm water Thermocline Cold water Normal Conditions
Figure 6-14 (2)Page 119 Annimation Winds weaken, causing updrafts and storms Drought in Australia and Southeast Asia Youtube 1 Youtube 2 EQUATOR Warm water flow stopped or reversed SOUTH AMERICA AUSTRALIA Warm water deepens off South America Warm water Thermocline Cold water El Niño Conditions NOAA
Figure 6-15Page 120 El Niño Drought Unusually high rainfall Unusually warm periods NOAA – El Nino, La Nina
Driving Question 6 Describe the general effects of the following microclimates: windward and leeward sides of a mountain, forests, cities
Figure 6-18Page 122 a Winds carry moisture inland from Pacific Ocean b Clouds, rain on windward side of mountain range c Rain shadow on leeward side of mountain range Dry habitats Moist habitats
Figure 6-19 (1)Page 122 Cool air descends Warm air ascends Land warmer than sea; breeze flows onshore
Figure 6-19 (2)Page 122 Cool air descends Warm air ascends Land cooler than sea; breeze flows offshore
Figure 6-22Page 124 Altitude Mountain Ice and snow Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Coniferous Forest Latitude Deciduous Forest Tropical Forest Tropical Forest Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Polar ice and snow
Figure 6-20Page 123 Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Semidesert, arid grassland Arctic tundra (polar grasslands) Desert Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferous forest (e.g., montane coniferous forest) Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest Mountains (complex zonation) Temperate deciduous forest Tropical deciduous forest Ice Temperate grassland Tropical scrub forest Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral) Tropical savanna, thorn forest
Objective 7 7. Describe how climate affects the distribution of plant life on Earth. Draw connections between biomes and the following plants, which are particularly adapted for different biomes: succulent plants, broadleaf evergreen plants, broadleaf deciduous plants, coniferous evergreen plants.
Figure 6-35Page 136 Temperate coniferous forests Temperate deciduous forests Tropical rain forests
Objective 8 8. Compare the climate and adaptations of plants and animals in deserts, grasslands, and forests. Describe the distinctive qualities of a chaparral ecosystem. Be sure to distinguish among the three major kinds of forests.
Objective 9 9. Compare the biodiversity and stratification in the three major kinds of forests.
Figure 6-30Page 131 Pronghorn antelope Pronghorn antelope Coyote Coyote Grasshopper sparrow Grasshopper sparrow Grasshopper Grasshopper Blue stem grass Blue stem grass Prairie coneflower Prairie coneflower Golden eagle Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers Prairie dog Bacteria Fungi
Figure 6-32Page 133 Snowy owl Snowy owl Willow ptarmigan Willow ptarmigan Dwarf willow Dwarf willow Mountain cranberry Mountain cranberry Moss campion Moss campion Long-tailed jaeger Producer to primary consumer Grizzly bear Caribou Primary to secondary consumer Mosquito Secondary to higher-level consumer Arctic fox Horned lark All consumers and producers to decomposers Lemming
Figure 6-34Page 135 Slaty-tailed trogon Slaty-tailed trogon Harpy eagle Ocelot Blue and gold macaw Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Squirrel monkeys Climbing monstera palm Secondary to higher-level consumer Katydid Green tree snake All producers and consumers to decomposers Tree frog Ants Bromeliad Fungi Bacteria
Figure 6-37 Page 137 Understory Understory Ground layer Ground layer 45 Emergent layer Harpy eagle 40 35 Toco toucan Canopy 30 Height (meters) 25 20 Wooly opossum 15 10 Shrub layer Brazilian tapir 5 Black-crowned antpitta 0
Figure 6-38Page 138 Metallic wood- boring beetle and larvae Metallic wood-boring beetle and Mountain winterberry Mountain winterberry May beetle May beetle Long-tailed weasel Long-tailed weasel Broad-winged hawk Producer to primary consumer Hairy woodpecker Primary to secondary consumer Gray squirrel White oak Secondary to higher-level consumer White-footed mouse White-tailed deer All producers and consumers to decomposers Shagbark hickory Racer Fungi Wood frog Bacteria
Figure 6-40Page 140 Great horned owl Great horned owl Marten Marten White spruce White spruce Pine sawyer beetle and larvae Pine sawyer beetle and larvae Blue jay Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Balsam fir Secondary to higher-level consumer Moose Wolf All producers and consumers to decomposers Bebb willow Snowshoe hare Fungi Starflower Bunchberry Bacteria
Objective 10 Describe how a mountain ecosystem is like an "island of biodiversity."
