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ANTIBACTERIALS!

ANTIBACTERIALS! . BY: Ethan Wright. Antibacterial Assessment Statements. D.6.1 – Outline the historical developments of penicillins D.6.2 – Explain how penicillins work and discuss the effects of modifying the side-chain

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ANTIBACTERIALS!

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  1. ANTIBACTERIALS! BY: Ethan Wright

  2. Antibacterial Assessment Statements • D.6.1 – Outline the historical developments of penicillins • D.6.2 – Explain how penicillins work and discuss the effects of modifying the side-chain • D.6.3 – Discuss the importance of patient compliance and the effect of penicillin overperscription

  3. D.6.1 • Original pathogen killers only killed one specific disease. • Penicillin is the original antibacterial • Alexander Fleming, a Scottish microbiologist in 1928 discovered that in Penicillin notatum had areas where no bacterial colonies were. • Published is finding of bacterial growth inhibitor but colleagues did not pursue it.

  4. D.6.1 Continued • In the early 1940’s Florey and Chain isolated the substance as Penicillin that killed of bacteria. • Used on humans during World War 2 to help kill infections in war wounds. • In 1945 Fleming, Florey, and Chain received the Nobel prize in medicine for their discoveries

  5. D.6.1 Continued • The mass producing of Penicillin was in the U.S. • To produce Penicillin large fermenting tanks containing corn steep liquor were used with sterile air being forced through it. • This was all done before what Penicillin was known to be made of.

  6. D.6.1 Again • In 1945, Dorothy Hodgkin discovered the structure of the main penicillin, penicllin G, by using X-Ray crystallography.

  7. D.6.2

  8. D.6.2 • Core Structure is four member ring with three carbon and one nitrogen. • Responsible for antibacterial properties • Wakens bacteria walls eventually causing them to rupture. • Effectibe against all kinds of infections

  9. D.6.2 • Disadvantages to Penicillin G: • Broken down by stomach acid • Must be injected into blood

  10. D.6.2 • Changes to the R chain: • These changes allow for different administering methods. • Allows for ingestion of Penicillin while retaining the function

  11. D.6.3 (Finally!) • Penicillin can be rendered ineffective now. • Due to overperscription, Bacteria grew resistant to Penicillin. • An enzyme also can render penicillin useless known as penicillinase. • This is done through the enzyme opening its beta lactam ring which renders in inactive.

  12. D.6.3 • With over exposure to antibiotics, bacteria becomes exponentially resistant to antibiotics. • This creates super-bugs that can fight many types of antibiotics • In America 55% of antibiotics are taken in the absence of disease.

  13. D.6.3 • In light of this precautions have been taken. • The R chain has been modified to help prevent inactivity. • Penicillin has become prescription only and doctors told to avoid prescribing unless necessary. • Patients need to comply and take full dosage to destroy all the bacteria so no leftovers can become resistant and spread to the community.

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