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Memory

Memory. CHAPTER 9. Intro to Memory. The Mystery of Memory. Forgetting Questionnaire. Average Responses 1. C/D 8. B/C 15. B/C 2. A 9. A 16. C 3. B 10. B 17. B 4. B 11. A 18. B 5. D 12. D 19. A 6. B/C 13. B 20. A 7. B/C 14. A. Most Common Memory Complaints. Names 83%

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Memory

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  1. Memory CHAPTER 9

  2. Intro to Memory • The Mystery of Memory

  3. Forgetting Questionnaire • Average Responses • 1. C/D 8. B/C 15. B/C • 2. A 9. A 16. C • 3. B 10. B 17. B • 4. B 11. A 18. B • 5. D 12. D 19. A • 6. B/C 13. B 20. A • 7. B/C 14. A

  4. Most Common Memory Complaints • Names 83% • Where you put things 60% • Telephone Numbers 57% • Specific Words 53% • Not recalling what you already told someone 49% • Forgetting what people told you 49% • Faces 42% • Directions 41% • What you were getting ready to do 41% • What you have already done (ex. Turn something off) 38%

  5. How good is your memory? • Memoriad: Memory Olympics..Annual events include memorizing the order of a deck of cards (record is 34 secs…23 packs in 1 hour, memorizing digits in order (630 in 30 mins.) memorizing pi 100,000 places (16 hours). Champion is Rajan. • CAN YOU NAME THE SEVEN DWARFS?

  6. How good is your memory? • CAN YOU NAME THE SEVEN DWARFS FROM A LIST? Drowsy Bashful Snoozy Sniffy Dopey Flabby Hungry Scrapy Sneezy Sleepy Sleezy Silly Doc Tipsy Happy Joyful Gloomy Helpful Cranky Grumpy Stuffy Pop Sloppy Hopeful

  7. How good is your memory? • THE SEVEN DWARFS Dopey, Bashful, Sneezy, Sleepy, Happy, Grumpy, Doc

  8. Recognition vs. Recall • Recognition is usually easier than recall. • Recall: you must generate possible answers and then identify correct answers. • Recognition: Given possible answers and have to select the correct one(s)

  9. Memory: How are memories made? • Memory – any indication that learning has persisted over a period of time through the storage and retrieval of information • 1. Encoding – getting info to the brain • 2. Storage – retain the information • 3. Retrieval – getting info back out of the brain • Human Experiments..What is memory

  10. Encoding • Do you remember what a penny looks like? • Try to draw the face side of a penny in the margin of your notes…. • Try to draw the reverse side of a penny ….

  11. A US Penny…. • Are the following on the Penny? Answer YES OR NO The words one penny • The words United States of America • The right side of Washington’s face • The words ONE CENT • The date of mint • The great seal • The word Lincoln Memorial • The number 1 centered • The full face of Lincoln • The right side of Lincoln’s face • A laurel wreath • The Lincoln Memorial • The words IN GOD WE TRUST • The word LIBERTY • The words E PLURIBUS UNUM • The Statue of Liberty’s Torch

  12. Which penny is correct? • P. 377

  13. A US Penny…. • Are the following on the Penny? Answer YES OR NO • The words ONE PENNY • The words United States of America • The words ONE CENT • The date of mint • The great seal • The word Lincoln Memorial • The number 1 centered • The full face of Lincoln • The right side of Lincoln’s face • A laurel wreath • The Lincoln Memorial • The words IN GOD WE TRUST • The word LIBERTY • The words E PLURIBUS UNUM • The Statue of Liberty’s Torch

  14. US Penny Why don’t we encode everything? • This is called encoding failure • What do we decide to encode? • We typically encode the things that are important to us! • Although we see pennies on a daily basis we may not encode what their features… this is not necessary to tell a penny from other coins • Instructions: Turn your head to face the back of the room….

  15. What we encode • Q. 2 vivid memories. Q Why? do A. they are emotionally significant this is called flashbulb memory.(p.351). Review- preschool popcorn fire,earliest childhood memory • Ex. Where were you when you first heard the report of the twin towers begin hit by airplanes? Sandy Hook? • Show Human Experience Tape on flashbulb memory •  Information that is different. (Teacher presenting in different way

  16. What we encode • can be related to other ingrained memories • also what we focus or give attention – going in a line/circle. • Information that is important. Q. Top color on US Flag, top of a stoplight (which is more important?) Letters that are not on a home phone, US Penny exer. • Meaningful- BAZ, LEQ, WAV, GEK, HIW vs. OWL, BAT, MAN, FUN

  17. Three Box / Three Stage Processing Model • External events are processed by our sensory memory • Immediate recording of info in the memory system Sensory memory Short Term Memory Long Term Memory Retrieval

  18. Three Box / Three Stage Processing Model • Some of the info from the sensory memory is encoded into our short-term memory • Memory that holds only a small amount of info • In short term before the info is stored in long term or forgotten • Sometimes referred to as working memory (we are currently working with these memories and they are at a conscious level) Sensory memory Short Term Memory Long Term Memory Retrieval

  19. Three Box / Three Stage Processing Model • Some of info from our short term memory is encoded in our long-term memory. • “Permanent” storage but long term memories can fade • Long term memory is thought to be unlimited Sensory memory Short Term Memory Long Term Memory Retrieval

  20. Sensory Memory • Sensory Memory - Split second holding tank for incoming information • Most sensory information is not encoded • Iconic memory – fleeting photographic memory • Q When we say Oprah is an icon..what do we mean? • Echoic memory – fleeting auditory memory. Q experience with your parents • How do we choose what to encode from sensory input? • What’s meaningful, important .etc, what we’re attending to (we have selective attention)

  21. Iconic Memory Activity • George Sperling flashes a group of 9 letters for 1/20th of a second people could recall only half the letters. When asked to recall a particular row immediately they could do so near perfectly • Iconic Memory Activity: Live Psych

  22. Short Term Memory • Limited capacity • Memories in the short-term are temporary (could fade within seconds or minutes) • Capacity is limited to around seven items (plus or minus 2) • Activity – Memory Capacity • The capacity could be increased by using chunking, rehearsal or mnemonic devices • Rajan- Supermemorist

  23. Long Term Memory • Unlimited capacity • Not truly permanent since memories can fade • Memories stored in three different formats p. 368 • Episodic Memory – memory of specific events, stored in a sequential series. Ex. – learning to ride a bike • Procedural Memory – Memory of how to perform skills, stored in sequential series. Ex. How to ride a bike • Semantic Memory – General knowledge, facts, meaning, stored in categories

  24. Retrospective vs. prospective Memory • Retrospective Memory- Remembering things you’ve done in the past • Prospective Memory- remembering what you’re supposed to do. (ex. fill out college application by Saturday)

  25. Long Term Memories • Explicit vs. Implicit Memories • Explicit (aka declarative) – conscious recall • Ex. general knowledge or experiences–recall a definition • Implicit (aka non declarative) – without conscious recall Endless Memory, Part 2

  26. Levels of Processing Model • Levels of Processing Model – Memories are not short or long term; rather they are either deeply or shallowly processed. • We remember things we spend more cognitive time processing Activity: Live Psych activity

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