Sistematika

1. Sistematika • Real property • Company • Personal property • Bankrupty • Bailment • Quasi-contract • Local government • Conflict of laws • Contracts • Sale of goods • Torts • Master an Servant

2. Razlogi za različno zgradbo • R-G – racionalni in logični sistemi (zakonodaja, univerze) • A pravo zraslo preko posameznih različnih postopkov • Utesnjenost v procesno pravo

3. Univerze • Rimsko in kanonsko pravo • Oxford – 1. redno predavanje o angleškem pravu 1785 (Cambridge 1800) • Pravniki se niso izobraževali na univerzah • Še vedno ni nujno, da je odvetnik pravnik • Barristers (Inns of Law) • Solicitor (Law Society)

4. Common law in equity • Equity follows the law (equitas sequitur legem) • Equity acts in personam • Po 1616: v primeru razlike prevlada equity • Danes: • Najprej ugotovitev common law • Potem ugotovitev možnih korekcij s strani equity • Pravna sredstva equity so stvar presoje • Clean hands

5. Common law damages (Odškodnina) Equity “Injunction” (ukaz nekaj storiti ali opustiti) Sankcije

6. Postopek • Pisni postopek pri Chancery • Ustni postopek pri kraljevih sodiščih • Po 1875 (Judicature Acts) • Vsa sodišča lahko uporabljajo oboje • Ista tožba se lahko opira na oboje

7. Trust Beneficiary Settlor Trustee

8. Trust LASTNINSKA PRAVICA • Legal ownership • Trustee • Equitable ownership • Beneficiary

9. Odtujitev premoženja • Odplačna in pridobitelj v dobri veri • Izkupiček stopi na mesto premoženja • Neodplačna ali pridobitelj nedobroveren • Pridobitelj samodejno postane trustee • Mora upravljati v korist beneficiarjev

10. Pravno pravilo • Temelji na primerih (kazuistika) • Ratio decidendi in obiter dictum • Pravilo ni abstraktno • R-G: nujno širše • Sodnik ne razlaga ampak razlikuje (distinguishing)

11. Sodna praksa • glavni vir • vezanost na precedente • superior courts (višja sodišča) • inferior courts (nižja sodišča) – večina zadev • merilo razlikovanja je obseg pristojnosti

12. Zakoni Law Common law Statutes Acts

13. Zakoni • V primeru konflikta med precedensom in zakonom prevlada zakon, ampak … • “Statutes are not intended to alter the common law” • ”Legislation normally changes the law forthe worse and that it is the court´s task tominimize the damage by presuming thatcommon law has not changed

14. Razlaga zakonov • The literal rule • The golden rule (absurd) • The mischief rule • The purposive rule (ECJ)

15. Literal rule • R. v. Harris 1836: Harris bit someone's nose off; it was unlawful to "stab, cut or wound.“This implied that some instrument must be used. • HL v Leadale v. Lewis 1982: tax statutes with clear meanings should have that meaning favoured; even if the result is 'wrong', causes hardship or leaves loopholes that might be exploited.

16. Literal rule • "If the precise words used are plain and unambiguous, in our judgment we are bound to construe them in their ordinary sense, even though it does lead to an absurdity or manifest injustice"- Jervis CJ in Abley v. Dale 1851.

17. Literal rule • "If the words of an Act are clear, you must follow them, even though they lead to a manifest absurdity. The court has nothing to do with the question whether the legislature has committed an absurdity. [However] If the words of an Act admit two interpretations, and if one interpretation leads to an absurdity, and the other does not, the Court will conclude the legislature did not intend the absurdity and adopt the other interpretation" R. v. City of London Court Judge [1892] 1 QB 273

18. Golden rule • Grey v. Pearson (1857) 6 HL Cas 1, "the ordinary sense of the words is to be adhered to, unless it would lead to absurdity, when the ordinary sense may be modified to avoid the absurdity but no further." • Keene v. Muncaster 1980. In order to park in a certain way, permission was required from a policeman in uniform; the defendant was a policeman in uniform. It was held that permission had to be requested (i.e. from someone else).

19. Mischief rule • Gardiner v. Sevenoaks UDC 1950; a cave was premises (although it would not always be - depending on the mischief), since the mischief was the risk of fire which existed in a cave. • Smith v. Hughes 1960, a prostitute solicited from inside a building to the street. A private building was held to be a "street or public place" for the purposes of the Act to avoid the mischief of harlotry.

20. Purposive rule • “If judges use a purposive approach, they are engaging in an essentially legislative function, which is a breach of the doctrine of the separation of powers.” • Sodnik se ne sme sklicevati na “legislative history” • "We can only take the intention of Parliament from the words which they have used in the Act" - Lord Reid in I. R. C. v. Hinchy 1960 • Od 1993 le izjemoma(Pepper v. Hart)

21. Sodstvo

22. Sodstvo Civil Criminal R v. Smith Jones v. Smith

23. Kazenske zadeve Magistrates Courts Judges of the Peace (JP) - laiki 30.000 Pritožba pri QB Civilne zadeve County Courts (Magistrate Courts) Nižje sodstvo

24. Supreme Court of Judicature High Court of Justice Crown Court Queen’s Bench Division Chancery Division Family division Admiralty Court Commercial Court Companies Court Bancruptcy Court Family Division

25. House of Lords • Proti odločbam Court of Appeal • Izjemoma, če je dopuščeno • 50 sodb letno • Pravico odločanja imajo • Lord Chancellor – predsednik • Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (največ11 lordov)

26. Privy Council • Proti sodbam vrhovnih sodišč v čezmorskih deželah • Tudi članicah Commonwealtha, ki te instance še niso odpravile (NZ, Malezija, Singapur, Jamajka…) • Člani House of Lords in sodniki iz čezmorskih dežel • Tudi uporaba neangleškega prava • Teoretično le priporočila Kroni • Praktično podobno avtoriteto kot sodbe House of Lords

27. Višji sodniki • Visok ugled • Imenuje kraljica na predlog premierja • Doživljenjsko (75) • iz vrst odvetnikov (10 ali 15 let izkušenj) • samo Queen's Councels • Ko postane sodnik dobi naziv

28. Nižji sodniki • Iz vrst recorders (honorarni sodniki – barristers in solicitors) • Nimajo možnosti za napredovanje • Justices of the Peace - neplačani

29. Odvetniki • Barristers • Sollicitors

30. Barristers

32. Stare decisis (Rule of precedent) • Eden od temeljev A prava – nikoli kodificiran • Izhaja iz common law • Postal formalno zavezujoč sistem med 17. In 19. stol. • Izboljšan sistem poročanja • HL 1966 odloči, da ni vezan na lastne precedense

33. Pravila: • Sodbe House of Lords so obvezni precedensi za vsa sodišča (razen HL) • Sodbe Court of Appeal zavezujejo samo nižja sodišča in v civilnih zadevah tudi CA • Sodbe posameznih sodnikov HCJ zavezujejo vsa nižja sodišča, ne pa sodnikov iste stopnje

34. Sodbe • Preprost izrek • Obrazložitev ni potrebna • Ratio decicendi • Sodniško pravilo, ki se ga je treba držati • Obiter dictum • Samo persuasive authority

35. Odločanje • Distinguishing • Overruling • Reversing • Decision per incuriam (High Court, CA)

36. Objavljanje • House of Lords 75% • Court of Appeal 25% • HCJ 10% • Read v.Lyons [1947] A.C. 156

37. Objavljanje • Law reports (najbolj znana), več serij: • Sodbe House of Lords in Privy Council • 3 oddelki HCJ + Court of appeal • All England Law Reports • Weekly Law Reports

38. Objavljanje • Weekly Law Reports (WLR) • All England Law Reports (All ER) • Times Law Reports (TLR) • Family Law Reports (FLR) • Commercial Law Reports (Com LR) • Lexis (od 1945)