Essential Question :

1. Essential Question: • How was 1763 (the end of the French and Indian War) a “turning point” in British-colonial relationships? • Warm-Up Question: • What sense of “colonial unity” existed in the British American colonies by the 18th Century?

2. French & Indian War The Eroding Bonds of Empire

3. A Century of Imperial War

4. Century of Imperial War • New European “mercantilism” changed economic & military practices (esp France & England) • To gain wealth: • Exploit rivals’ trade weaknesses • Increase protective tariffs • Create trade regulations so the colonies work for motherland • If that failed, go to war (and the colonists had to fight too) There is a limited amount of capital in the world

5. British colonies were militarily superior to New France, but… Mercantilist Wars for Empire …a lack of colonial unity & French alliances with Native Americans weakened colonial advantages • King William’s War (1689-1697), Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713), & King George's War (1743-1748) • These wars were mostly fought in Europe but French & British colonists fought too • Led the French to raids on New York & New England • Wars settled nothing

6. The Expansion of New France • France began extending its American empire from Canada into Louisiana: • In 1750s, the French laid claim to the Ohio Valley; the VA militia was sent to stop them…but lost • American colonists realized that in order to win, the colonies would have to work together

7. North America, 1750

8. French & Indian War

9. 1754  The First Clash The Ohio Valley Lost to French forces Lost to French forces British French Fort Necessity Fort Duquesne*George Washington * Delaware & *Gen BraddockShawnee Indians

10. This would give the colonists too much power Albany Congress Plan was too expensive & would limit each colony’s power to control its own actions • English officials & colonists met to discuss Iroquois problems at the Albany Congress in 1754 • Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of Union for a coordinated colonial army • Plan was vetoed by Parliament & the colonial assemblies

11. Ben Franklin’s Albany Plan of Union

12. Seven Years' (French & Indian) War • In 1756, England declared war on France, but brought the war to America for the 1st time • The war went bad for England until Prime Minister William Pitt assumed command of army/navy: • Used well-qualified generals • Had a “blank check” to fund the war in America, India, & Europe • England won in 1760

13. 1758-1761 The Tide Turns for England By 1761, Spain became an ally of France

14. Treaty of Paris • France—lost Canada, most of its empire in India, & claims to lands east of the Mississippi River • Spain—got all French lands west of the Miss. River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England • England—gainedall French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to the Caribbean slave trade, & total control of India

15. North America after 1763 America in 1750 America in 1763

16. Perceptions of the War • Colonial views: • Colonies could be very strong when they worked together • Newly gained frontier had land • Colonial commanders learned how to fight • English views: • Americans took forever to organize & balked at helping raise money for an expensive war to protect the colonists

17. British-American Tensions

18. Was 1763 a“Turning Point” in British-Colonial Relationships?

19. Effects of the War on Britain? • Increased England’s colonial empire in the Americas • Greatly enlarged England’s debt • Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings England felt that a major reorganization of American Empire was necessary!

20. Effects of the War on Americans? • The French & Indian War united the colonists against a common enemy for the 1st time • The 1760s were an affluent & optimistic “post-war” period with little thought of independence: • Colonists felt they were proud members of England’s empire

21. Eroding Bonds of the Empire

22. Breakdown of Political Trust • In 1760, George III became king with a new colonial attitude— Parliamentary Sovereignty • English officials assumed that Parliament must have ultimate authority over ALL laws & taxes • Colonists tried to reserve colonial authority for their own legislatures

23. No Taxation Without Representation • Colonists assumed assemblies were equal in some ways to Parliament because they were not represented in Parliament • British officials countered with “virtual representation” argument • Colonists insisted only colonial assemblies could tax Americans

24. Theories of Representation • What was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies? • How could the colonies accept the decisions of Parliament when they did not have representation in that body? Absolute? OR Limited?

25. Ideas About Power and Virtue • The Enlightenment (esp John Locke) impacted colonial political thought: • All gov’ts are susceptible to corruption, tyranny, & encroachment upon citizens’ liberty • “Virtuous” citizens must fight tyranny

26. Eroding the Bonds of Empire • After the Seven Years War, everyone expected George to remove British army from America (French were no longer a threat) • But…this large, expensive army was not removed • British citizens were not happy because they have to pay for it • Colonists doubted the army’s value against Native Americans

27. Pontiac’s War • Backcountry natives banded together to repel white frontier settlers; called Pontiac’s War: • Indian successes exposed the British army’s weakness • Attacks revealed desperation of Native Americans after the withdrawal of the French • Colonials took matters into their own hands (Paxton Boys in PA) There’s all this land and no French!!

28. Pontiac’s Rebellion, 1763 Fort Detroit British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt

29. Reaction to Pontiac’s Rebellion • British established Proclamation Line of 1763: • Forbade colonies in the West (for their own protection) • Americans viewed the line as an obstruction to their “legitimate economic development”

30. North America in 1763

31. Conclusions:Rule Britannia?

32. Rule Britannia? • Despite the mounting tension, by 1763, most Americans were loyal “brothers” to England because of: • a shared British culture • dependence upon British consumer goods • shared nationalism after British military victories against France