Global Problems, Global Solutions Inter-University Conference Carnegie Mellon University February 21, 2009 The Proje

1. Global Problems, Global SolutionsInter-University Conference Carnegie Mellon University February 21, 2009The Project to End Human Traffickingwww.endhumantrafficking.orgCarlow UniversityMary C. Burke, Ph.D.

2. Overview of Presentation Human Trafficking Defined International Framework Overview of Human Trafficking: What We Know Underlying Factors Victim Experience Efforts to Combat Slavery 2

3. 3 Human Trafficking is Slavery Trafficking in humans refers to all acts related to the recruitment, transport, sale, or purchase of individuals through force, fraud or other coercive means for the purpose of economic exploitation. (UN Protocol on Trafficking, 2000)

4. 4 An International Framework In September 2000, at the United Nations Millennium Summit, there was agreement to a set of time bound (2015) and measurable goals for combating poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation and discrimination against women. Placed at the heart of the global agenda, they are now called the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The MDGs provide a framework for the entire UN system to work coherently together towards a common end. The UN Development Group (UNDG) will help ensure that the MDGs remain at the center of those efforts.

5. 5 Millennium Development Goals 1. Eradicate Extreme Hunger & Poverty 2. Achieve Universal Primary Education 3. Promote Gender Equality 4. Reduce Child Mortality 5. Improve Maternal Health 6.Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria (& other diseases) 7. Ensure Environmental Sustainability 8. Develop a Global Partnership for development

6. An Overview of Trafficking:What We Know 6

7. 7 How Many People are Enslaved? International Labor Organization (ILO ) estimates there are 12.3 million people in forced labor, bonded labor, forced child labor, and sexual servitude. Research by Dr. Kevin Bales indicates that 27 million people are enslaved worldwide at any given time (1999). Dr. Kathryn Farr’s research shows that 4 million people are enslaved worldwide (2005).

8. 8 In the United States The United States Department of State estimates that 600,000 to 800,000 individuals are trafficked across international borders each year (TIP, 2006, 2007, 2008). Of these, the State Department reports that 14,500 to 17,500 people are trafficked into the United States each year.

9. 9 Who is Trafficked into Slavery? Data suggest that women and girls comprise 80% of the individuals trafficked across international borders. Approximately 70% of victims are trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation. TIP Report (2005, 2006, 2007, 2008)

10. Human Trafficking in Contrast to Other Criminal Industries Trafficking in persons is the fastest-growing and second largest criminal industry in the world today. It is second in size only to drug trafficking and (fluctuates from 2nd to 3rd along with the illegal arms industry). 10

11. 11 Forms of Human Trafficking/Slavery Labor Trafficking Domestic servitude Janitorial services Agricultural labor Food service industry Sweatshop labor Begging Sex Trafficking Street work Dancers Brothels Pornography Massage parlors Mailorder brides

12. 12 The Economics of Human Trafficking

13. 13 Supply Factors Poverty Political instability/armed conflict Real or perceived opportunity for a better life Absence of social safety net Absence of employment opportunities Status of/violence against women & children

14. 14 Demand Factors Demand for sex work Demand for prostitution and other aspects of the sex industry is high throughout the world. Demand for cheap labor Corporations seek to produce their product at the lowest possible cost. Potential profits are very high Trafficked persons can be bought and sold many time.

15. 15 Methods of Control Finances Identification Documents Psychological & Physical Violence

16. 16 Living and Working Conditions Faced by Trafficking Victims Physically demanding work Under constant watch or supervision Physical and psychological abuse and/or trauma Threats of physical harm or deportation Long hours & little or no compensation Isolation from the public and from other victims High risk for work-related injuries High risk for sexually transmitted diseases Little or no medical attention Malnourishment

17. 17 Victim Experiences/Characteristics Feelings of shame Fear of others, including potential helpers Fear of reprisal from traffickers May not speak English May have difficulty trusting potential helpers Not present or even perceive themselves as victims

18. 18 Internationl and U.S. Efforts to Combat Human Trafficking Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime) Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 (reauthorized 2003, 2005, 2008) Defined “severe forms of human trafficking” Made human trafficking a federal crime Created sentencing guidelines for traffickers Victim access to federal benefits

19. 19 Options for Trafficked Person Return to country of origin Cooperate with law enforcement in the investigation and prosecution of a case. This may include a number of interviews with law enforcement, testifying in court, or other reasonable requests. The outcome of cooperating with law enforcement may include: Social services and public benefits Continued Presence or T Visa Authorization Ability to bring family into the United States Certification

20. United States: The Role of Community Coalitions Victims unable to tap into social services Community-based coalitions can help get victim basic needs met: Food Lodging Physical & mental healthcare Legal assistance ESL classes Work training 20

21. Considerations in Countries of Origin In countries of destination the primary concerns are: increasing community awareness in support of identifying victims organizing social services in support of meeting victim needs In countries of origin the primary concern also includes focus on decreasing citizen vulnerability by increasing awareness 21

22. 22 Websites for More Information Fact sheets and print materials: www.acf.hhs.gov/trafficking Papers and fact sheets: www.protectionproject.org Toolkits and databases: www.polarisproject.org www.humantrafficking.com Other websites: www.justice.gov/trafficking www.usccb.org/mrs/traffickingweb.htm www.endhumantrafficking.org

23. 23 References Outshoorn, J. (2004). The Politics of Prostitution: Women's Movements, Democratic States and the Globalisation of Sex Commerce. Cambridge University Press Kempadoo, K. (2005). Trafficking And Prostitution Reconsidered: New Perspectives On Migration, Sex Work, And Human Rights. Masika, R. (2002). Gender, Trafficking and Slavery (Focus on Gender Series). O’Connell Davidson, J. (2005). Children and the Global Sex Trade Guinn, D. & Stealich, E. (2003). In Modern Bondage: Sex Trafficking in the Americas: National and Regional Overview of Central America and the Caribbean: Belize, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama Schaffner, L. & Bernstein, E. (2004). Regulating Sex: The Politics of Intimacy and Identity (Perspectives on Gender Series) Farr, K. (2005). Sex Trafficking: The Global Market in Women and Children. Free the Slaves