А uthor : Lototska O.V

1. The main source, ways and extent of environmental pollution. Sources of pollution in medicine and pharmaceutical industry. Аuthor: Lototska O.V

2. Introduction

3. health of the population medical etiological factors(8 -10 %) way of life (49-53 %) genetic factor (18-22 %), pollution of an environment (17-20 %)

4. PROPHYLACTIC MEDICINE Object of studying: healthy man, and groups of the practically healthy people Medicine MEDICAL Object of studying: sick man

5. Ecology is constituted by the total environment of human. The environment of modern human is partly natural and partly man-made. physical factors social factors biological factors 1. customs 1. pathogens, 1. air 2. beliefs 2. water 2. microorganisms as well as living beings 3. laws 3. food 4. peculiarities 4. buildings 3.vectors 5. modes of living of human beings 4. plants

6. Environmental Sanitation The word sanitation is derived from the Latin word Sanitaswhich means a state of health. Environmental Sanitation means the control of all those factors in man's surroundings, which cause or may cause adverse effects on his health. The sanitarian directs his efforts towards hygiene of water and food supply, hygienic disposal of human wastes, hygiene of housing and control of vectors and rodents etc.

7. -Introduction by man, waste matter or surplusenergy into the environment, which directly orindirectly causes damage to man and hisenvironment Pollution

8. Pollutant - A substance or effect which adversely alters the environment by changingthe growth rate of species, interferes with thefood chain, is toxic, or interferes with health,comfort amenities or property values of people Anything and Everything is toxic if the dose is made so !! Paracelsus (1493-1541)

9. TYPES OF POLLUTION • . Water Pollution • . Air Pollution • . Land Pollution • . Noise Pollution • . Thermal Pollution • . Electro Pollution • . Visual Pollution

10. Water Pollution • Inorganic materials - alkalis, acids, inorganic salts, ammonia, • phosphates, etc. • Heavy metals - chromium, mercury, nickel, copper, • cadmium etc. • Disinfection byproducts - trihalomethanes • Other harmful substances - organochlorides etc. • Physical factors - turbidity, colour, temperature etc.

11. c) Land Pollution • Urbanization and Concentration of Population • Municipal Solid Waste • Industrial Waste and Hazardous Waste • Uncontrolled .Land Treatment. • Burning open dumps and forest fires • Deforestation • Mining and Erosion

12. d) Noise Pollution • Exposure to prolong noise affects speech, • hearing, general health and behaviour. • Noise Levels . dB • Intensity • frequency • periods of exposure and • duration

13. Intensity (Loudness) • Measure of acoustic • energy of the sound • vibrations • . Expressed in terms of • sound pressure • . Decibels (dB) are the • unit of measurement • on the Loudness • scale

14. Industrial Noise Sources • .Metal fabrication (pressing, grinding, chipping etc.) • . High pressure burners in furnaces • . Turbines • . Compressors • . Pumps • .Welding machines • . Cranes and other vehicles • . Pipe lines carrying high velocity fluids and solids • .Vibrating and grinding equipment

16. Typical WastewaterProcessing

17. Physical Methods • Objective • Remove solid or • liquid pollutants • based on density • difference or other • physical property • (eg. SS or floating • solids) • . Solvent extraction • . Evaporation • . Distillation • . Filtration • . Reverse Osmosis • . Electrodialysis • . Adsorption

18. Biological waste water treatment • Aerobic treatment • Anaerobic treatment • The organic load is defined by the Biological • Oxygen Demand (BOD). • In aerobic systems the water is aerated with • compressed air (in some cases oxygen). • Anaerobic systems run under oxygen free • conditions . biogas is a useful product.

19. Chemical Wastewater Treatment • . Neutralization - NaOH, Ca(OH)2, HCl, H2SO4 • . Coagulation and • Flocculation - Alum, FeSO4, • . Oxidation - Sodium hypochlorite • . Disinfection - Cl2, O3, NaOCl

20. Air Pollution Control • . Use tall stacks • . Source reduction by process and raw • material changes (eg. Improved furnace • design and low S fuel) • . Recover valuable material (eg. Hg) • . Bag filters, scrubbers, ESP, cyclone • separators • . Absorption, adsorption, combustion and • catalytic reaction

21. Air Pollution and Control

22. Land Pollution Control • . Integrated Solid Waste Management • . Good agricultural practices • . Remediation of polluted soils • . Prevention of erosion and silting • . Containment of hazardous waste and • waste water treatment using land • treatment techniques

23. 3R Principle • .Reduce • .Reuse • .Recycle

24. Noise Pollution Control • . Control noise at source by proper choice • of equipment, design modification, • mounting and proper layout • . Isolation or use of baffles • . Use of ear protection devices

25. People in ancient societies were concerned about personal hygiene and sanitation for religious reasons. The Bible contains many rules for cleanliness, and describes public health measures still important today. These include quarantining the sick to prevent the spread of disease and avoiding contact with objects used by sick people. The Greek physician Hippocrates first made the connection between disease and natural environmental factors in the 4th century bc. His treatise Airs, Waters, and Places described how diseases can result from way of life, climate, impure water, and other environmental factors. For the next 2000 years, it was the most widely used text on public health and epidemiology.

26. What is pollution? The word comes from the Latin pollutus, which means made foul, unclean, or dirty. Some is obvious like smoke which you can see but much of it is not obvious at all. Yet you're eating it and drinking it and breathing it most of the time. And what is worse is that all this muck affects all other life on Earth.

27. You can find pollution made by people just about everywhere on the planet. Even remote places like the Arctic are badly polluted by nasty chemicals made by people. The polar bears and seals there have poisonous chemicals made by people in their bodies and so do the Inuit people who live with them. These nasty things kill many animals and make others sick -- including penguins in the Antarctic.

28. On a degree of danger distinguish four groups of chemical substances – pollutes: I - especially high toxic (middle death doze -LD5о - is lower than 50 mg/kg of weight of body); II - high toxic (LD5о = 50 - 200 mg/kg); Ш - middle toxic (LD5о = 200 - 1000 mg/kg); IV - low toxic (LD5о- more than 1000 mg/kg) The concept about first driving force of process of change of level of health allows to study laws of change of polluting substances in an environment, their decomposition and transformation under influence of the physical and chemical factors of an environment. The basic purpose of these measures is the decreasing of concentration of polluting substances in an environment up to a level, which is safety for health of the population.

29. The following ways of toxic, radioactive and biological agents transmission are possible AIR MAN polluting substance water MAN polluting substance Animals Plants SOIL polluting substance MAN

30. Traditional forms of pollution include air pollution, water pollution, and radioactive contamination while a broader interpretation of the word has led to the ideas of ship pollution, light pollution, and noise pollution. Serious pollution sources include chemical plants, oil refineries, nuclear waste dumps, regular garbage dumps (many toxic substances are illegally dumped there), incinerators, PVC factories, car factories, plastics factories, and corporate animal farms creating huge amounts of animal waste. Some sources of pollution, such as nuclear power plants or oil tankers, can release very severe pollution when accidents occur. Some of the more common contaminants are chlorinated hydrocarbons (CFH), heavy metals like lead (in lead paint and until recently in gasoline), cadmium (in rechargeable batteries), chromium, zinc, arsenic and benzene.

31. There are several main types of pollution and well-known effects of pollution which are commonly discussed. These include • smog, • acid rain, • the greenhouse effect, • and "holes" in the ozone layer. • Each of these problems has serious implications for our health and well-being as well as for the whole environment.

32. Common Sources of Primary Pollutants

33. The most common gaseous pollutants are particulates sulfur dioxide hydrocarbons carbon monoxide photochemical oxidants nitrogen oxides lead

34. Green House Effect: Green houses are glass huts seen in hilly areas and in the agricultural processing areas. Mechanism : When light falls on any surface which is transparent, some rays are reflected and some are refracted. A process of partial retention of light takes place in the green house, so temperature in the glass house is increased. Causes of Green house effect: The air pollution causes emission of gases like CO2, CH4,CO, CFC's,NO2,,Chlorine, Methyl chloroform These gases are known as Green house gases. These gases cause partial retention of light in the air and so temperature of the atmosphere increases.

35. Hazards of Green House Effects: Global warming Increased evaporation from sea. Melting of Ice at poles of earth. Increase in sea level. Floods. Disturbance at coastal areas due to increased sea level. Prevention: Decreased industrialization Treatment of Industrial smoke Check unfit automobiles.

36. Acid rain forms when moisture in the air interacts with nitrogen oxide and sulphur dioxide released by factories, power plants, and motor vehicles that burn coal or oil. This interaction of gases with water vapour forms sulphuric acid and nitric acids. Eventually these chemicals fall to earth as precipitation, or acid rain. Acid rain pollutants may travel long distances, with winds carrying them thousands of miles before they fall as dew, drizzle, fog, snow or rain.

37. Hazards of Acidic Rain :. Discoloration of houses, Rusting of metals. Damage of crops. Skin cancer Damage to marine life Lead poisoning due to damage to lead pipes. Prevention: i. Treatment of industrial smoke ii. Increase plant growing i.e. Forestation Thischemical oxides causes acid rain

38. Acid rain causes damage to • Lakes and rivers • Trees • People • Buildings Here you can see the damages

39. Damage to the ozonelayer is primarily caused by the use of chloroflurocarbons (CFCs). Ozone is a form of oxygen found in the earth's upper atmosphere. The thin layer of ozone molecules in the atmosphere absorb some of the sun's ultraviolet (UV) rays before it reaches the earth's surface, making life on earth possible. The depletion of ozone is causing higher levels of UV radiation on earth, endangering both plants and animals.

40. Indoor Air Pollution Smoking Formaldehyde Vinyl chloride Asbestos radon gas

41. The environment is polluted not only under the action of people, but some pollutants come from natural sources. • Volcanoesspew out ash, acid mists, hydrogen sulfide, and other toxic gases. • Sea sprayand decaying vegetation are major sources of reactive sulfur compounds in the air. • Forest firescreate clouds of smoke that blanket whole continents.

42. Trees and bushesemit millions of tons of volatile organic compounds (terpenes and isoprenes). • Pollen, spores, viruses, bacteria, and other small bits of organic materialin the air cause widespread suffering from allergies and airborne infections. • Storms in arid regionsraise dust clouds that transport millions of tons of soil and can be detected half a world away. • Bacterial metabolismof decaying vegetation in swamps and of cellulose in the guts of termites and ruminant animals is responsible for as much as two-thirds of the methane (natural gas) in the air.

43. People also become ill through exposure to hazards in the environment. Many diseases are linked to environmental problems such as polluted drinking water, poor waste disposal and air and exposure to mosquitoes and other carriers of disease.

44. Effects of Air Pollution People with health problems such as asthma, heart and lung disease may also suffer more when the air is polluted. The extent to which an individual is harmed by air pollution usually depends on the total exposure to the damaging chemicals, i.e., the duration of exposure and the concentration of the chemicals must be taken into account. Air pollution can affect our health in many ways with both short-term and long-term effects. Different groups of individuals are affected by air pollution in different ways. Some individuals are much more sensitive to pollutants than are others. Young children and elderly people often suffer more from the effects of air pollution.

45. Examples of short-term effects include irritation to the eyes, nose and throat, and upper respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia. Other symptoms can include headaches, nausea, and allergic reactions. Short-term air pollution can aggravate the medical conditions of individuals with asthma and emphysema. In the great "Smog Disaster" in London in 1952, four thousand people died in a few days due to the high concentrations of pollution. Long-term health effects can include chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys. Continual exposure to air pollution affects the lungs of growing children and may aggravate or complicate medical conditions in the elderly. It is estimated that half a million people die prematurely every year in the United States as a result of smoking cigarettes.

47. Thank your for attention!

48. Light Pollution

50. Why is light directed upward?