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DESCRIBING LANGUAGE

DESCRIBING LANGUAGE. Saadettin CAN X11060044. WHAT IS GRAMMAR?. G rammar is the body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in the language . This includes the structure of words , phrases , clauses and sentences . THE GRAMMAR OF THE LANGUAGE.

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DESCRIBING LANGUAGE

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  1. DESCRIBING LANGUAGE Saadettin CAN X11060044

  2. WHAT IS GRAMMAR?

  3. Grammaris the body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in thelanguage. This includes the structure of words, phrases, clausesand sentences.

  4. THE GRAMMAR OF THE LANGUAGE • Thegrammar of a language is thedescription of theways in whichwords can changetheirformsandcombinedintosentences in thatlanguage. • We can createanynumber of differentsentences.

  5. Forexample: • Thechildbrokethewindow.(Active) • Thewindowwasbrokenby a boy.(Passive) • NP1 + VP + NP2  NP2 + be + V – ed + by + NP1

  6. WHAT IS COMPETENCE AND PERFORMANCE? • AccordingtoChomskycompetencerefers to a speaker's knowledge andability to produce and to understand a number of sentences. • Performance refers to the specific utterances, including grammatical mistakes and non-linguistic features.It is therealisation of competence.

  7. WHAT IS MORPHEME? • Morphemeis the smallest conceptual meaningful component of a word. • Morphology(usingmorphemestochangethemeaning) andsyntax(theorderthatwords can be arranged in) areessential in writingorspeechfor a successfulcommunication.

  8. SPOKEN AND WRITTEN GRAMMAR • Sometimes in speechsomegrammaticalrulesseemto be completelyignored. • SpokenEnglish has itsowndiscoursemarkers:

  9. Forexample: • Frequentnon-clasualunits(Mmm,No,Uhhuh,Yeah) • A variety of tags not found in writtenstyle, such as questiontags. • Hesitators(er, umm, erm) • Interjections(ah, oh wow) • Condensedquestions(Moremilk? Anyluck?) • Echoquestions(Oh didyou say San Fransisco?) • Responseforms(yeahor sure toacknowledge a request) • Fixedpolitespeechformulae(Happybirthday!)

  10. PROBLEMS WITH GRAMMAR RULES • Withgrammarruleswe can createinfinitenumber of sentences.Somerulesareeasytounderstand but somearesocomplex. • Michael Swansuggest a number of measures of a goodrule.Theseinclude‘’simplicity’’ , ‘’truth’’ , ‘’clarity’’ and‘’relevance’’.

  11. LANGUAGE IN USE

  12. LANGUAGE IN USE • Thewordsweuseandwhattheymeanare not thesamething.Wechoosewordsandphrasestohavedifferenteffectsfromthesurfacemeaning. • Forthiswehavefourprinciples: Purpose , Appropriacy , Language in DiscourseandGenre.

  13. PURPOSE • Wehave a purpose in mindwhichwewishtoachieve. • Forexample: It’scoldhere. (Requesttoclosethewindow) • Wouldyouliketocomefor a coffee?(Invitingandthepurpose is to be a goodhost)

  14. APPROPRIACY • Wouldyouliketocometothecinema? • Howaboutcomingtocinema? • Whataboutthecinema? • There’s a goodmovie on at thecinema. • Which form is themostappropriateforyou?

  15. Thereare 5 principleswhichgovernourchoice: • Setting: weuseinformalspeech at home , whereaswemayusemoreformalspeech in an office. • Participants: whenwearetalkingtosuperiorsweuse a speechdifferentfromwhenwearetalkingtoourfriends , colleaguesormembers of ourfamilies.

  16. Gender:researchshowswomen talk lesswhentheyaretalkingwithoppositesex. • Channel:weusedifferentlanguageswhentalking on thephone , facetofaceinteractionor in a hall in front of a crowd. • Topic:thetopicaffectsourgrammaticalchoices.Forexamplechildbirth is differentfromfootballorphysics.

  17. LANGUAGE AS DISCOURSE • JulianEdgeshowshowtypicalpattern of paragraphorganization is exemplified in a simplestory. • Situation • Problem • Response • Evaluation

  18. Onceupon a time therewas a merchantsorichthat he couldhavepavedthestreets of his townwithsilver. (Situation) • But his wealthbroughthimlittlehappiness, because he wasallergictoalmosteverythingand had tostay in a sterile room. (Problem) • Indesperation he offeredhalf his fortunetoanyonewhocouldcure his allergies.Doctorscamefrom far andwide but not toavoil. (Response) • Unless he has died in themeantime he stillsitsheretoday, looking at pictures of theworldoutside. (Evaluation)

  19. GENRE • As we can describedifferentkind of films, we can alsodescribedifferenttypes of writingfordifferentpurposes. • Forexample: Scientificwriting , reportwritingorjournalism. • Theseallowstudentstoreadorwritewith a greaterunderstanding of howsuchtextsareconstructed.

  20. GESTURES

  21. Shruggingshouldersmayindicate ‘’I don’tknow’’.

  22. Crossingarmsmayindicaterelaxation.

  23. GESTURES • Weusegesturestoindicate a widerange of meaningsbut somegesturesmay be specifictoparticularcultures.

  24. PROXIMITY , POSTURE AND ECHOING • Thephysicaldistancebetweenspeakers can indicate a number of things. • Closenessindicatethreat but distancemayindicatelack of interest.

  25. THANKS FOR LISTENING

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