Software Engineering and Knowledge Creation in Nokia

1. Software Engineering and Knowledge Creation in Nokia 11th NORD I&DMay 30 - June 1, 2001. Reykjavik, Iceland Kari KänsäläSenior R&D ManagerNokia Research Center (NRC)

2. Content • Nokia • Corporation • worldwide software (SW) R&D • Communities of Practice (CoPs) • generally within and between companies • in Nokia • Knowledge Creation • modes (by I. Nonaka & H. Takeuchi: The Knowledge-Creating Company, 1995) • organizational levels in Nokia • SW engineering knowledge creation in Nokia • mode by mode vs. organizational levels • using activities supported by NRC as examples • Summary & conclusions

3. World's largest manufacturer of mobile phones • A leading end-to-end infrastructure supplier • Three Business Groups • Nokia Mobile Phones • Nokia Networks • Nokia Ventures Organization • More than 60 000 employees • Net sales EUR30.4 billion 2000 • ~All products and solutions are SW intensive For further details refer to www.nokia.com

4. Nokia Software (SW) R&D Worldwide Number of SW developers (SW for Nokia's products) has grown • from 1000 in 1990 to10000+ currently • 60+% of all R&D, and 15+% of Nokia’s employees Sales offices R&D (most with SW R&D) Production, incl. joint ventures

5. Communities of practice (CoP) Community of Practice: • shared knowledge • same well-known experts * • shared 'tools' • shared practices • shared identity The zone of legitimate peripheral participation * An expert is a person who defines what counts as knowledge

6. External and internal communities Source: I. Tuomi,1998

7. Team A Team B Business Processes Nokia Corporation in theory Business Group/ Business Units

8. Team A Team B Community of Practice Business Processes Process Team Nokia in practice Interest group Community of Practice Interest group Community of Practice Community of Interest Interest group Community of Practice Source: P. Kasper, 2000

9. Knowledge Creation Modes Tacit (subjective) to Explicit (objective) Tacit Knowledge Knowledge Knowledge Shared * Conceptual Knowledge Knowledge from Operational Systemic Knowledge Knowledge Explicit Knowledge * initially: Sympathized Source: Nonaka & Takeuchi,1995

10. SW Engineering Knowledge Creation in Nokia from the NRC viewpoint* Business Units (BUs)Knowledge tailoring (and usage) NRC*Knowledge R&D and transfer NokiaKnowledge platforms and services Nokia's SW Engineering CoPs & Knowledge *There are similar SW engineering knowledge enhancement & transfer parties in Business Units as well

11. * Sharing Good Practices (SGP) covers all Business Processes seven explicit SGP steps SGP sharing base on Intranet ** Nokia SW Engineering Forum - next slide *** Knowledge sharing in/by Business Units role-based networks (quality, testing,...) benchmarking with other companies Shared SW Engineering Knowledge in Nokia Knowledge sharing in/by BUs*** NSEF** SGP* Conceptual knowledge Operational knowledge Systemic knowledge

12. since 1993; initially as separateseminars or Forums 36 separate events in 2000 currently xxxx names in the mailing list NSEF

13. * Nokia Information Services (IS) electronic sources (market reports, news , technology information) local library & info services (document delivery, IR, periodicals, purchases) ** NRC research & cooperation - next slide *** Conceptual work by Business Units piloting in R&D projects commenting in standardization Conceptual SW Engineering Knowledgein Nokia Knowledge sharing in BUs NSEF SGP Conceptual work by BUs*** NRC research & cooperation** Nokia IS* Operational knowledge Systemic knowledge

14. SW Engineering Research & Cooperationby NRC • Participation in international standardization, concerning e.g. • ISO standards • ISO15504 (a.k.a. SPICE) since 1993 • CMM de-facto standards • CMMI (Stakeholder Team) since 1998 • Participation in European research projects, e.g. • ITEA/ESAPS (Engineering SW Architectures, Processes and Platforms for System Families) • since 1999, to be followed by a deployment project • a result: extension of SPICE process model to cover SW product line processes • SW engineering benchmarking with other large corporations • SW Experience Center • with ABB, Boeing, DaimlerChrysler, and Motorola, • facilitated by Fraunhofer IESE (Germany) and Fraunhofer Center-Maryland (USA) • Cooperation with SW engineering process, method & tool vendors

15. Systemic SW Engineering Knowledgein Nokia Knowledge sharing in BUs NSEF SGP Conceptual work by BUs NRC research & cooperation Nokia IS Operational knowledge Nokia PCP Solutions* SPF by NRC** Business Groups' PCP Solutions*** * Nokia Product Creation (PC) Process Solutions • corporate-wide PC process platforms, • incl. cross-Business Group processes ** SW Process Framework by NRC - next slide *** Business Groups' PC Process Solutions • based on common platforms, but may • vary according to the product portfolio

16. NRC's SW Process Framework (SPF) Existing SW/system PRMs SW Process Reference Model (SPRM) v2.0 Good practices in Nokia BUs & outside Nokia • SW Process Framework (SPF) released in 1996 • based on SW process model ISO/SPICE v2.0 (October 1996) • to be replaced by SW Product Line Process Framework (SPLPF) in 2001based on ESAPS results • SW engineeringknowledge base to be used by Business Units CMM v1.1 levels KPAs key practices SPICE v2.0 proc. categories (sub)processes base practices Links to CMM Web links References toSW/systems process std's SW relatedBusiness Processes SW related Product Creation Processes SW developmentprocesses Glossaries SPRM vs. CMM v1.1 ISO 9000-3 ISO12207 IEEE 1074 J-STD-016 SE-CMM IEEE 1220 EIA-IS-632 SW Process Ref. Glossary (SPRG)

17. Operational SW Engineering Knowledgeby NRC Support Knowledge sharing in BUs NSEF SGP Conceptual work by BUs NRC research & cooperation Nokia IS Rationale for SW engineering knowledge creation Nokia PC Process* BU SWEP with NRC**SPPs in BUs*** Nokia PCP Solutions SPF by NRC Business Groups' PCP Solutions * Nokia Product Creation Process • a Nokia Business Process: others are • Delivery Process • Business Support Process ** Business Unit's SW Engineering Process - next slide *** SW Projects' Processes in Business Units • actual SW processes in SW projects

18. SW Engineering Process (SWEP) in Business Units with NRC • NMP SWEP was initially released in 1996 based on SPICE v2.0; latest release is #18 • NMP SWEP includes hundreds of process assets, e.g. 228 processes or procedures,101 work products, and 42 roles • there are similar SWEPs also in other Business Groups

19. SW Engineering Knowledge Creation Cycle • Example (1st paradigm cycle finished, 2nd cycle beginning): • SW process knowledge sharing -> SW process reference modelsSW process manual of BUs <- SW process framework <- Knowledge sharing in BUs NSEF (1995…2000...) SGP Conceptual work by BUs Std's<->NRC (1993…2000…) Nokia IS Nokia PC Process BU SWEPs (1996…2001…)SPPs in BUs Nokia PCP Solutions SPF&SPLPF/NRC (1995…2001…) Business Groups' PCP Solutions

20. Summary & Conclusions • Knowledge creation is one of the most challenging activities in a large corporation • SW engineering knowledge creation is especially important, because ~all products are SW intensive • All knowledge creation modes (shared, conceptual, systemic, operational) must be supported or at least facilitated at all organizational levels • It takes years to conclude the full knowledge creation cycle, including the shift of the corresponding paradigm • Real SW development in real SW projects is the only essential part of the cycle: if it does not happen, then everything else is in vain! Thank you! Any questions?