Figure 11.1 Linear potentiometer, zero-order system.

Figure 11.1 Linear potentiometer, zero-order system.

Figure 11.2 Response of a first-order measurement system to a step change in input: (a) forcing function; (b) system output.

Figure 11.3 Response of a first-order system to a ramp input: (a) forcing function; (b) output response.

Figure 11.4 (a) Amplitude and (b) phase response of a first-order system to a sinusoidal input.

Figure 11.5 Common applications of thermocouples: (a) bare junction; (b) sheathed thermocouple; (c) thermowell.

Figure E11.1 Thermocouple response to gas and aqueous environments.

Figure E11.2 Variation of actual and measured (thermocouple) temperatures.

Figure 11.6 Spring–mass–damper system.

Figure 11.7 Response of second-order system to a step input.

Figure 11.8 (a) Amplitude and (b) phase response of a secondorder system to a sinusoidal input.

Figure 11.9 Pressure transducer installations.

Figure 11.10 Model of pressure transducer–sensing line system.

Figure 11.11 Sensing-line system as an organ pipe.

Figure 11.12 Model of gas-filled pressure-transducer–sensing-line system.

Figure 11.13 Basic mechanical model for an accelerometer: (a) schematic diagram; (b) free-body diagram.

Figure 11.14 Amplitude response of a vibrometer to a harmonic input.