Historical Tour through Development of Steam and Gas Turbines

1. Historical Tour through Development of Steam and Gas Turbines P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department I I T Delhi Events and Person behind the Creation and Design of Strong & Enduring Non-Biological Muscles ……

2. Thermodynamic Superiority of Human Invented Power Generation ….A way of Reducing Rate of Entropy Generation on Earth…… Are These Vehicles Immortal?

3. A Creative Idea by Nature to Counter Entropy • Catastrophic methods of Energy consumption lead to destabilization. • How to create a Mechanism of Slow Balance. • This is the bio-energetic context in which Homo sapiens evolved, and it accounts for both the wild growth of human population and its imminent collapse.

4. Thermodynamic Classification Living Species Life on Earth The humans are extrasomatic heterotrophs. Autotrophs Heterotrophs

5. Energy and Human Evolution • Humans are extrasoamtic heterotrophs. • The ability to use energy extrasomatically enables human beings to use far more energy than any other heterotroph that has ever evolved. • The human population modified more and more of its environment by using extrasomatic energy to suit human needs. • The human race expanded its resource base so that for long periods it has exceeded contemporary requirements. • The world's present population of over 5.5 billion is sustained and continues to grow through the use of extrasomatic energy. • The human species may be seen as having evolved in the service of entropy

6. The Extrasomatic Actions of Humans

7. The Greatest Extra-somatic Action Invention of FIRE, FLAME and TORCH • Fire is a discovery rather than an invention. • Homo erectus probably discovered fire by accident. • Fire was most likely given to man as a 'gift from the heavens' when a bolt of lightning struck a tree or a bush, suddenly starting it on fire. • The flaming touch and the campfire probably constituted early man's first use of 'artificial' lighting. • As early as 400,000 BC, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking man. • Prehistoric man, used primitive lamps to illuminate his cave. • Various Oils were used as fuels.

8. Sharing of Skills

9. The First Civilized Extrasomatic Action!!!!! Fire Can only Heat Solids !!!!!

10. A Search for Ubuntu Device …. • A generous, hospitable, friendly, caring and compassionate. • They share what they have/get/earn…….. • A person with ubuntu is open and available to others……. • Various religions identified them as Mediators. • Business Mediators. • Energy Mediators – A first step in Civilization and Development…

11. EARLIEST TYPES OF HX : COOKING • Primitive humans may first have savoured roast meat by chance, when the flesh of a beast killed in a forest fire was found to be more palatable and easier to chew and digest than the customary raw meat. • They probably did not deliberately cook food, though, until long after they had learned to use fire for light and warmth. • It has been speculated that Peking man roasted meats, but no clear evidence supports the theory. • During Palaeolithic Period, Aurignacian people of southern France apparantly began to steam their food over hot embers by wrapping it in wet leaves. • Crude procedures • as toasting wild grains on flat rocks and using shells, skulls, • or hollowed stones to heat liquids. • Introduction of pottery during the Neolithic Period. • A paste, toasted to crustiness when dropped on a hot stone, made the first bread.

12. Mechanical Power for Extra-somatic Need

13. Are the Solutions Well Thought?Displacement Work : Dangerous & Inhuman Technologies

14. The Major Break Through Research due to extrasomatic Behaviour…. In search of Artificial Mechanical Power

15. The Aelopile • In 130BC. Hero, a Greek mathematician and scientist is credited with inventing the first practical application of steam power, the aelopile.

16. Branca's Steam Turbine • In 1629, Giovanni Branca, of the Italian town of Loretto, described, in a work' published at Rome, a number of ingenious contrivances.

17. History of Unsuccessful Turbine • The first device that may be classified as a reaction steam turbine was little more than a toy, the classic Aeolipile, described in the 1st century by Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria in Roman Egypt. • More than a thousand years later, in 1543, Spanish naval officer Blasco de Garay used a primitive steam machine to move a ship in the port of Barcelona. • In 1551, Taqi al-Din in Ottoman Egypt described a steam turbine with the practical application of rotating a spit. • Steam turbines were also described by the Italian Giovanni Branca (1629)and John Wilkins in England (1648).[7] The devices described by al-Din and Wilkins are today known as steam jacks.

18. A Need for More General Definition of Work • As an English army officer, Thomas Savery was once ejected from the Lord of the Admiralty's office as a lunatic because he proposed a ship that could be propelled by side-mounted wheels rather than by wind or oars. • He exhibited great fondness for mechanics, and for mathematicians natural philosophy and gave much time to experimenting, to the contriving of various kinds of apparatus, and to invention.

19. The Savery Engine Thomas Savery, July 2, 1698, patented the design of the first engine which had the most important advance in actual construction. A working model was submitted to the Royal Society of London.

20. Newcomen Engine The original Thomas Newcomen engine was invented in 1712.

21. James Watt’s Engine James Watt radically improved Newcomen's engine (1769) by condensing the steam outside the cylinder .

22. The Family of Steam Engines A Direct Hardware Solutions to the Essential Need thru Natural Philosophy…..

23. Emergence of Steam Turbine • The modern manifestation of turbine, invented by Sir • Charles Parsons (1884) has almost completely replaced the reciprocating piston steam engine primarily because of its greater thermal efficiency and higher power-to-weight ratio. • Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical generator – about 80% of all electricity generation in the world is by use of steam turbines. • The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much • of its improvement in thermodynamic efficiency through the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam, which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible process.

24. Fourth Law of Power Generation (Sources) Power Plant --Cycle Design -- Equipment Design --Equipment Operation Land, Water & Air (Sinks)

25. 4th Law & A Two Way implementation • Conversion of available resource into usable form of resource. • Combustion & Heat Transfer • Thermodynamics –Rankine & Brayton

26. History of Gas Turbines • 1791: A patent was given to John Barber, an Englishman, for the first true gas turbine. • His invention had most of the elements present in the modern day gas turbines. • The turbine was designed to power a horseless carriage. • 1872: The first true gas turbine engine was designed by Dr Franz Stikze, but the engine never ran under its own power. • 1903: A Norwegian, Ægidius Elling, was able to build the first gas turbine that was able to produce more power than needed to run its own components, which was considered an achievement in a time when knowledge about aerodynamics was limited.

27. Steam Vs Gas Turbines

28. Historical Debate : Steam Turbine Vs Gas Turbine • Experience gained from a large number of exhaust-gas turbines for diesel engines, a temp. of 538°C was considered absolutely safe for uncooled heat resisting steel turbine blades. • This would result in obtainable outputs of 2000-8000 KW with compressor turbine efficiencies of 73-75%, and an overall cycle efficiency of 17-18%. • First Gas turbine electro locomotive 2500 HP ordered from BBC by Swiss Federal Railways • The advent of high pressure and temperature steam turbine with regenerative heating of the condensate and air pre-heating, resulted in coupling efficiencies of approx. 25%.

29. The gas turbine having been considered competitive with steam turbine plant of 18% which was considered not quite satisfactory. • The Gas turbine was unable to compete with “modern” base load steam turbines of 25% efficiency. • There was a continuous development in steam power plant which led to increase of Power Generation Efficiencies of 35%+ • This hard reality required consideration of a different application for the gas turbine.

30. Gas Turbine Technology • 1791: A patent was given to John Barber, an Englishman, for the first true gas turbine. • His invention had most of the elements present in the modern day gas turbines. • The turbine was designed to power a horseless carriage. • 1872: The first true gas turbine engine was designed by Dr Franz Stikze, but the engine never ran under its own power.

31. 1903: A Norwegian, Ægidius Elling, was able to build the first gas turbine that was able to produce more power than needed to run its own components, which was considered an achievement in a time when knowledge about aerodynamics was limited. • Using rotary compressors and turbines it produced 11 hp (massive for those days). • He further developed the concept, and by 1912 he had developed a gas turbine system with separate turbine unit and compressor in series, a combination that is now common • 1914: Application for a gas turbine engine filed by Charles Curtis. • 1918: One of the leading gas turbine manufacturers of today, General Electric, started their gas turbine division. • 1920: The practical theory of gas flow through passages was developed into the more formal (and applicable to turbines) theory of gas flow past airfoils by Dr A. A. Griffith.

32. THE WORLD‘S FIRST INDUSTRIAL GAS TURBINE SET – GT NEUCHÂTEL

33. 4 MW GT for Power Generation

34. Gas Turbine Power Generation • Experience gained from a large number of exhaust-gas turbines for diesel engines, a temp. of 538°C was considered absolutely safe for uncooled heat resisting steel turbine blades. • This would result in obtainable outputs of 2000-8000 KW with compressor, turbine efficiencies of 73-75%, and an overall cycle efficiency of 17-18%. • First Gas turbine electro locomotive 2500 HP ordered from BBC by Swiss Federal Railways. • The advent of high pressure and temperature steam turbine with regenerative heating of the condensate and air pre-heating, resulted in coupling efficiencies of approx. 25%. • The gas turbine having been considered competitive with steam turbine plant of 18% which was considered not quite satisfactory.