1 / 39

Essential Biochemical Processes: Understanding the Chemistry of Life

Discover how vital elements like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen bond to form key molecules in living organisms. Learn about carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids, and how we utilize them for growth, repair, and energy production. Dive into the world of macromolecules like lipids and carbohydrates, and explore the role of water in sustaining life. Uncover the processes of synthesis and digestion that drive the creation and breakdown of vital molecules in our bodies. From the building blocks of amino acids to the structure of DNA, biochemistry offers a fascinating glimpse into the intricate chemistry that powers life.

gbrinkley
Download Presentation

Essential Biochemical Processes: Understanding the Chemistry of Life

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Biochemistry What does CHEMISTRY have to do with each of these BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES? www.vaguebuttrue.com upload.wikimedia.org news.nationalgeographic.com stuffeducatedlatinoslike.files.wordpress.com www.insomniacslounge.com find-happiness.com

  2. Biochemistry Elements of Life • 96% of living organisms are made of: • carbon (C) • oxygen (O) • hydrogen (H) • nitrogen (N)

  3. Molecules of Life • Put C, H, O, Ntogether in different ways to build living organisms • What are bodies made of? • carbohydrates • sugars & starches • fats (lipids) • proteins • nucleic acids • DNA, RNA

  4. Why do we eat? • We eat to take in more of these chemicals • Food for building materials • to make more of us (cells) • for growth • for repair • Food to make energy • calories • to make ATP ATP

  5. Don’t forget water • Water • 65% of your body is H2O • water is inorganic • doesn’t contain carbon • Rest of you is made of carbonmolecules • organicmolecules • carbohydrates • proteins • fats • nucleic acids

  6. Building large molecules of life • Chain together smaller molecules • building block molecules = monomers (“mono”=one) • Big molecules built from little molecules • Polymers (“poly”=many

  7. amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid – – – – – Building important polymers Carbohydrates= built from sugars sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Proteins= built from amino acids Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide

  8. amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid – – – – – Building important polymers Carbohydrates= built from sugars sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Proteins= built from amino acids Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide

  9. How to build large molecules • Synthesis • building bigger molecules from smaller molecules • building cells & bodies • repair • growth • reproduction ATP +

  10. How to break large molecules • Digestion • taking big molecules apart • getting raw materials • for synthesis & growth • making energy (ATP) • for synthesis, growth & everyday functions ATP +

  11. Example of digestion STARCH/GLYCOGEN ARE DIGESTED TO GLUCOSE ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP Starch(glucose storage in plants) glucose Glycogen(glucose storage in animals) ATP

  12. Example of synthesis amino acids = building block protein = polymer protein amino acids • Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids

  13. Four classes of Organic Molecules aka Macromolecules • Carbohydrates 2.Lipids • Proteins 4.Nucleic Acids

  14. Macromolecule: Carbohydrate • Carbohydrate (Starch/Sugar) -Elements: C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio) -Shape: Hexagon Glucose Another name for Glucose is SUGAR FYI: Saccharide means SUGAR -Function: Quick source of ENERGY; structure (cell wall in plants made of cellulose) -Monomer“subunit”: Monosaccharide -Names end in –ose Examples: Fructose, Sucrose, Cellulose

  15. Macromolecule: Carbohydrate -Examples of Carbohydrate: • 1. Monosaccharide“One Sugar”: a) glucose made by plants • 2. Disaccharide“Two Sugars”: a) table sugar (Sucrose) • 3. Polysaccharide“Many Sugars”: a) starch- stores energy in plants (potatoes) b) cellulose- makes up plant cell walls c) chitin- exoskeleton of arthropods d) glycogen- stored in animal liver

  16. Monosaccharide - Glucose

  17. Disaccharide – Table Sugar

  18. Polysaccharides Glycogen in animal liver Starch in Potato Cellulose in plant cell walls Chitin in exoskeleton

  19. Cellulose • Cell walls in plants • herbivores can digest cellulose well • most carnivores cannot digest cellulose • that’s why they eat meatto get their energy & nutrients • cellulose = roughage • stays undigested • keeps material moving in your intestines

  20. Helpful bacteria • How can cows digest cellulose so well? • BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals

  21. Macromolecule: Lipid 2.Lipid(Fat) -Elements: C, H, O -Shape: Letter E -Function: a) long term ENERGY storage b) insulation (think about whale blubber) c) makes up cell membranes d) cushions organs -Monomer“subunit”: Fatty Acids -Examples: Oils (potatoes chips), Fats, Waxes, Steroids & Phospholipids Glycerol (backbone) 3 Fatty acids

  22. Molecular Structure of FatNot a chain/polymer= just a “big fat molecule” Fatty acid Glycerol

  23. 1) Saturated: -SOLID at room temperature -No Double Bonds -“Bad Fats” - Limit the amount in diet Examples: Cheese and butter 2) Unsaturated: -LIQUID at room temperature -Has Double Bonds -”Good Fats” - Better choice for diet Examples: plant, vegetable, and fish fats Two Types ofLipids:

  24. Lipids: Saturated Fats

  25. Lipids:Unsaturated Fats

  26. Other lipids in biology • Cholesterol • good molecule in cell membranes • make hormones from it • including sex hormones • but too much cholesterol in blood may lead to heart disease www.offthemarkcartoons.com

  27. Other lipids in biology • Cell membranes are made out of lipids • phospholipids • heads are on the outside touching water • “like” water • tails are on inside away from water • “scared” of water • forms a barrier between the cell & the outside

  28. Multipurpose molecules Proteins: greatmusclebuildingworkouts.info

  29. Examples of Proteins: • muscle • skin, hair, fingernails, claws • collagen, keratin • pepsin • digestive enzyme in stomach • Insulin • Hormone that controls blood sugar levels • Hemoglobin • Oxygen-carrying part of blood cells gomuscles.net www.bottlebooks.com listsoplenty.com

  30. Macromolecule: Protein 3. Protein(Polypeptides) -Elements: C, H, O, N -Shape: -Function: a) Speed up chemical reactions (Enzymes) b) Transport molecules in the cell membrane c) Movement, regulation, and structure -Monomer“subunit”: Amino Acids (Amino Acids are held together by a peptide bond) Amino Acid Group Peptide Bond Amino Acids

  31. Macromolecule: Protein -Names end in “-in” or “-ase” Examples: Keratin, Actin, Hemoglobin, Insulin, Protease orLipase -Examples of Proteins 1) Hemoglobin: transports oxygen in red blood cells 2) Insulin: regulates blood sugar levels 3) Keratin: waterproofs skin and nails 4) Actin: contraction in muscle cells 5) Transport Proteins: helps move molecules across cell membranes 6) Protease: helps break down proteins 7) Lipase: breaks down lipids

  32. H | —C— | H amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid – – – – C—OH —N— O H || Proteins amino acids • Building block = 20 different amino acids There are20 of us… like 20 differentletters in analphabet…Can make lots of differentwords variable group

  33. collagen 3-D protein structure • Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shapes • that’s what happens in the cell! • Different shapes = different jobs growthhormone hemoglobin pepsin

  34. With Proteins…Its shape that matters! • Proteins do their jobs, because of their shape • Unfolding a protein destroys its shape • wrong shape = can’t do its job • unfolding proteins = “denature” • temperature • pH (acidity) unfolded“denatured” folded

  35. Macromolecules and Indicators • Carbohydrates – • Sugar - Benedicts Solution • Solution will turn from blue to red-brown. • Starch – Iodine (IKI) • Solution will turn from yellow to black. • Lipids – Brown Paper Test • Paper will have a “greasy” spot. • Proteins – Biuret Test • Solution will turn violet. Lab: Indicators

  36. Macromolecule: Nucleic Acid 4. Nucleic Acid -Elements: C,H,O,P,N -Shape: -Function: stores/transfers genetic information directions for making proteins (protein synthesis------DNA>RNA>Protein) -Monomer“subunit”: Nucleotides -Examples: 1) DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) 2) RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) Phosphate Nitrogen Base Sugar Rectangle Circle Pentagon

  37. Macromolecule: Nucleic Acid DNA:A,T,G,C RNA: A, U, G, C DNA: Deoxyribose Sugar RNA: Ribose Sugar

  38. 5 O 3 3 O P P 5 5 C O G 1 3 2 4 4 2 1 3 5 O P P T A 3 5 O O 5 P P 3 Nucleotide: DNA “Double Helix”

  39. C A G T A C T G Weak Hydrogen bonds Why do we need weak bonds between the base pairs? strong bonds 30.media.tumblr.com Structure of DNA 1:14 http://www.dnatube.com/group/dna_structure/?viewkey=a1a4f25f62e0eb5261ca&search_id=structure

More Related