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Enlightenment: Transforming Ideas and Society in the Eighteenth Century

Explore the impactful philosophical, scientific, and cultural shifts of the Enlightenment era; from the rise of reason and skepticism to the influence of key figures like Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith.

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Enlightenment: Transforming Ideas and Society in the Eighteenth Century

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  1. Chapter 17 The Eighteenth Century: An Age of Enlightenment

  2. p. 513

  3. The Enlightenment • Paths to Enlightenment • “Dare to know” – Immanual Kant • Scientific method to understand life • Popularization of Science • Bernard de Fontenelle (1657-1757), Plurality of Worlds • A New Skepticism • Attacked superstition, religious intolerance, and dogmatism • Skepticism about religion and growing secularization • The Impact of Travel Literature • Travel books became very popular • Captain James Cook • Literature on China

  4. p. 515

  5. p. 515

  6. The Legacy of Locke & Newton • Newton • reasoning could discover natural laws that govern politics, economics justice, religion, and the arts • Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding • knowledge derived from the environment • denied Descartes’ belief in innate ideas

  7. The Philosophes and their Ideas • Came from all walks of life • Paris was the “capital” • Desire to change the world • Call for a spirit of rational criticism • 3 French Giants: Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot

  8. Map 17-1, p. 517

  9. Montesquieu and Political Thought • Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) • Persian Letters, 1721 • Attacks traditional religion, advocacy of religious toleration, denunciation of slavery, use of reason • The Spirit of the Laws, 1748; comparative study of government

  10. Voltaire and the Enlightenment • Francois-Marie Arouet, Voltaire (1694-1778) • Criticism of traditional religion • Treatise on Toleration, 1763 • Deism

  11. p. 519

  12. Diderot and the Encyclopedia • Denis Diderot (1713-1784) • Encyclopedia, 28 volumes • Attacked religious superstition and advocated toleration • Lowered price helped to spread the ideas of the Enlightenment

  13. p. 519

  14. Toward a New “Science of Man” • David Hume • Physiocrats and Adam Smith founders of modern economics • François Quesnay (1694-1774) • Leader of the Physiocrat – natural economic laws • Rejection of mercantilism • Supply and demand

  15. Adam Smith & Laissez-Faire Economics • Adam Smith (1723-1790) • The Wealth of Nations, 1776 • Attack on mercantilism • Advocate of free trade • Government has only three basic functions • Protect society from invasion • Defend individuals from injustice and oppression • Keep up public works

  16. The Later Enlightenment • Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) • Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind; Preservation of private property had enslaved • Social Contract, 1762; Tried to harmonize individual liberty with governmental authority • Concept of General Will • Emile, 1762; important work on education

  17. p. 523

  18. The “Woman’s Question” in the Enlightenment • Agree that the nature of women make them inferior • There were some exceptions, for example Diderot • Mary Astell (1666-1731) • A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, 1697 • Better education and equality in marriage • Mary Wollstonecraft • Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792 • Subjection of women by men wrong

  19. Social Environment of the Philosophes • Salons • The influence of women • Marie-Thérèse de Geoffrin (1699-1777) • Marquise du Deffand (1697-1780) • Other gathering places

  20. Chronology, p. 526

  21. Innovations in Art, Music, and Literature • Rococo Art • Characteristics • Antoine Watteau (1684-1721) • Fragility and transitory nature of pleasure, love, and life • Baroque-Rococo architectural style • Balthasar Neumann (1687-1753) • Secular and spiritual interchangeable • Baroque Music • Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) • George Frederick Handel (1685-1759) • Franz Joseph Haydn (1756-1809) • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)

  22. p. 527

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  27. p. 531

  28. Development of the Novel • Decisive time in the development of the novel • Samuel Richardson • Virtue Rewarded • Henry Fielding • The History of Tom Jones

  29. The High Culture of the Eighteenth Century • Characteristics • Increased readership and publishing • Development of magazines and newspapers for the general public • Joseph Addison and Richard Steele’s Spectator • Female Spectator • Education and Universities

  30. p. 532

  31. Crime and Punishment • Punishment in the eighteenth century • Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794), On Crimes and Punishments • Punishment should serve only as deterrent • Punishment moved away from spectacle towards rehabilitation

  32. World of Medicine • University of Leiden • Royal College of Physicians • Barber-surgeons • Apothecaries, midwives, and faith healers • Hospital conditions

  33. Popular Culture • Festivals, carnivals, and fairs • Gathering places • Taverns and Alcohol • The gap between high culture and popular culture • Literacy and Primary Education • Spread of literacy • State-supported primary schools • Hannah More

  34. p. 535

  35. Religion and the Churches • The Catholic and Protestant Churches were conservative • Church-State relations • Community activities of the churches • Toleration and Religious Minorities • Toleration and the Jews • Experiences of Ashkenazic Jews • Experiences of Sephardic Jews • Some Enlightenment thinkers favored acceptance of the Jews • Joseph II • Limited reforms toward the Jews

  36. Map 17-2, p. 537

  37. Popular Religion in the Eighteenth Century • Catholic Piety • Protestant Revivalism • John Wesley (1703-1791) • Methodist societies • Brought the Gospel to the people

  38. p. 538

  39. Timeline, p. 540

  40. Discussion Questions • What do you see as a possible reason the Enlightenment was centered in France? • Why and when did it emerge? • Do you see any connection between Enlightenment and changes in gender relations throughout Western Europe? • How did the Enlightenment affect the idea of Crime and Punishment?

  41. Web Links • Immanual Kant • Isaac Newton • John Locke • Adam Smith • Jean-Jacques Rousseau • John Wesley

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