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Mutations: Causes, Types, and Effects

Explore the different causes and types of mutations, including gene mutations and chromosomal mutations. Learn about point mutations, frameshift mutations, and nonsense mutations, and understand how mutations can be beneficial or harmful to organisms.

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Mutations: Causes, Types, and Effects

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  1. Mutations

  2. Mutations What causes them? Any mistake or change in DNA sequence Random or Environmental influences – X-rays, UV rays, radioactive materials, chemicals, cigarettes, medications

  3. Chromosomal mutation: affects whole or part of a chromosome Gene mutation: Changes to the bases in the DNA of ONE gene

  4. 1. Gene Mutations • Change in one or more nucleotides • Affects the amino acids and protein produced • 2 types

  5.  Point Mutation • Substitution: Change in a single base pair in DNA • Ex: The dog bit the CAT The dog bit the CAR

  6. Sickle Cell Anemia

  7. Some Point Mutations are Harmless • What amino acid is represented by the DNA sequence GGA? • What amino acid is represented by the DNA sequence GGC? • This change in the 3rd base of the codon is a point mutation, yet the amino acid would remain the same. Therefore, the protein would NOT be affected.

  8. Some Point Mutations are Harmless • This type of point mutation is called a silent mutation. • Silent Mutations are possible due to the redundancy in the genetic code.

  9.  Frameshift Mutation • Single base pair is added or deleted from DNA • Causes a shift in the “reading frame” • Ex: Cystic Fibrosis EX: cystic fibrosis

  10. Kinds of Frameshift Mutations • Insertion: one or more bases are added into the mRNA strand • Deletion: one or more bases are removed from the mRNA strand

  11. Nonsense Mutations • A point mutation or a shift in the reading frame can sometimes cause a premature STOP codon • This type of mutation is called a nonsense mutation • If the nonsense mutation occurs early in the mRNA sequence, the protein is greatly shortened and most likely non functional

  12. Some mutations are beneficial • Gain-of-function mutations produce a functional protein that results in an entirely new trait • These mutations are usually beneficial and result in an advantage in an organism’s environment • EX: The mutation that resulted in eyesight

  13. Practice – Name that Mutation 1 2 Deletion ~ Frameshift Silent ~ Point 4 3 Insertion, nonsense ~ Frameshift Point 6 5 Nonsense ~ Point Deletion ~ Frameshift

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