The Civil Rights Movement

1. The Civil Rights Movement Ch. 18

2. Segregation Divides America • De jure segregation- segregation upheld by law • De facto segregation- segregation by unwritten custom or tradition • Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) • African Americans could gain civil rights through nonviolent means • Committee of Civil Rights • Founded by Truman • Investigate race relations

3. Emerging Civil Rights Movement • 1948 – Jackie Robinson integrates MLB • 1954 – Brown vs. Board of Education • Last in a series of court cases related to segregation in education • One was at the University of Oklahoma Law School • overturns “separate but equal” Plessy • Thurgood Marshall- head of the legal team • Emmett Till’s murder • 1955-56 – Montgomery Bus Boycott • Mrs. Rosa Parks • 1957 – Little Rock Crisis • Eisenhower forced to deploy federal troops

9. Civil Rights in the 1960s

10. Nonviolent Protest Lunch counter “sit-ins” begin: Greensboro, NC February 1960 Wade-ins read-ins Kneel-ins SNCC (Student nonviolent Coordinating Committee) created April 1960 CORE “Freedom Ride” May 1961 James Meredith integrates the University of Mississippi fall 1962 Demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama April 1963 Eugene “Bull” Connor- used violence against protesters “Letter from Birmingham Jail” Governor George Wallace tries to block integration of the University of Alabama Fall 1963

11. Sit-ins

14. James Meredith University of Mississippi

15. Student Protesters and Ole Miss

16. 200 arrested in riots at Ole Miss

21. High Schoolers jailed for marching Oh Wallace,    you never can jail us all,Oh Wallace,    segregation's bound to fall

22. March on Washington • Aug. 1963 • Martin Luther King Jr • “I have a dream” speech • Led to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Banned segregation in public accommodations • Gave fed. gov. the ability to compel states to desegregate their schools

23. And when this happens, when we allow freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual: Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!

25. Voting Rights • Freedom Summer – 1964 • Black and white students focusing on registering African Americans to vote • Anti-poll tax Amendment (24th) 1964 • Selma March – March 1965 • “Bloody Sunday” • State troopers violently attacked the marchers • Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Banned literacy tests • Federal government controls voter registration

26. Thousands marched to the Courthouse in Montgomery to protest rough treatment given voting rights demonstrators. The Alabama Capitol is in the background. March 18,1965

31. Marchers cross bridge

32. Challenges of the late 1960s • The Rise of Black Nationalism • The Black Power Movement • Many goals had been achieved • The death of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. • Attention of many diverted to Vietnam • Increased rioting in African American communities decreases popular support

33. Black Nationalism – Beliefs • Black people should have control of their own communities • Ex.: Black teachers, town council members, police officers, business owners • Separatism not integration • Emphasis on racial pride and self respect • Emphasis on African history and cultural heritage • Self-defense • **Black nationalists DID NOT “advocate violence”or “use riots” to accomplish their goals

34. Black Nationalism (cont.) • Appealing to young urban African Americans • Appealing to activists who believed things were not changing fast enough • SNCC – Stokeley Carmichael • Malcolm X • Nation of Islam • Demanded separation of races • Black Panthers • Formed by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton • Protect people from police, antipoverty programs • 1968 Olympic Protest

36. The Women’s Rights Movement Ch. 23 Sec. 2

37. Women’s Movement Arises • After WWII women gave up their jobs to returning servicemen and returned home to care for families and homes • 1960s- movement to gain sexual equality • Feminism- theory of political, social, and economic equality of men and women • Civil Rights movement prompted women to look at their own treatment from society

38. Women Find Their Voices • Betty Friedan • Wrote The Feminine Mystique • Helped establish the National Organization for Women (NOW) • Dedicated to winning true equality of all women • Wanted to pass Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) • Guarantee gender equality under the law • Protect reproductive rights • Gloria Steinem • Co-founded Ms., a feminist magazine

40. Opposition • Phyllis Schlafly • Felt feminism was an assault on family, marriage, and children • Worked to defeat the ERA

41. Legal Headway • Civil Rights Act included a clause that outlawed discrimination based on sex • Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) • Enforce federal prohibition on job discrimination • Roe v. Wade • Assured women the right to legal abortions

42. Latin Movement Ch. 23 Sec. 3

43. Equal Rights • Cesar Chavez • Latino activist for farm laborers • Formed United Farm Workers (UFW) • Nonviolent strikes and boycotts • California passed a law requiring collective bargaining • Chicano Movement • Increase awareness of Latino history and culture

44. Native American Equality • American Indian Movement (AIM) • Fought for Civil Rights • 1973 Siege at Wounded Knee • AIM took a village and refused to leave until the gov agreed to investigate the condition of reservation Indians • Government agreed • Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975 • Gave tribes control over resources on reservations