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The Internet of Things

The Internet of Things. Kris Pister Prof. EECS, UC Berkeley Founder & Chief Technologist, Dust Networks kpister@DustNetworks.com. Outline. Technology Applications Directions. What is IoT?. Ambient Intelligence AutoID/RFID Cell phone sensors M2M – machine to machine Mesh Networking

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The Internet of Things

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  1. The Internet of Things Kris Pister Prof. EECS, UC Berkeley Founder & Chief Technologist, Dust Networks kpister@DustNetworks.com

  2. Outline • Technology • Applications • Directions

  3. What is IoT? • Ambient Intelligence • AutoID/RFID • Cell phone sensors • M2M – machine to machine • Mesh Networking • Smart Dust • Ubiquitous computing • Wireless Sensor Networks • Zigbee

  4. Internet of Things Buzz • Cisco – IPSO (IP for Smart Objects) • HP – CeNSE • IBM – Smarter Planet, MoteRunner • SAP – Sensor Network Solutions • Sun/Oracle – Small Programmable Objects

  5. Technology • Sensing/input • Environmental – temperature, moisture/humidity, gases • Inertial – position, orientation, motion, vibration • Machine Health/Status • Location – GPS, RFID, RTLS • … • Communication • Wired • Ethernet, USB, … • PLC – powerline carrier (X10, …) • Wireless • RFID • Bluetooth • WiFi (802.11) • 802.15.4 – IEC, HART, ISA, Zigbee • Actuation/output • Valves, heaters, lights, relays, …

  6. Low cost, long life, high reliability “typical” hardware, 2008 • Sensors • 3-axis accelerometer • 3-axis gyroscope • 3-axis magnetometer • GPS • 8  32 bit processor • 100s kB flash, 10s kB RAM • 2.4GHz radio • 10m…1km/hop • 0--5 year lifetime • AA, coin cell batteries • Energy scavenging • Light, heat, vibration

  7. Wired sensor networks around you • Buildings • HVAC: temp, humidity, flow, occupancy • Lighting: switches, occupancy • Fire • Security • Transportation • Automobiles: engine, airbags, brakes, steering, comfort… • Roads & Highways: vehicle presence, velocity, … • Freight: temp, humidity, shock, … • Manufacturing • …

  8. Cost of Sensor Networks Wireless Mesh Networking Computing Power Installation, Connection and Commissioning Sensors $ Time

  9. Berkeley Demos – 2001 Motes dropped from UAV, detect vehicles, log and report direction and velocity Intel Developers Forum, live demo 800 motes, 8 level dynamic network, 50 temperature sensors for HVAC deployed in 3 hours. $100 vs. $800 per node. Seismic testing demo: real-time data acquisition, $200 vs. $5,000 per node vs.

  10. Sensor Networks Take Off! Industry Analysts Take Off! $8.1B market for Wireless Sensor Networks in 2007 Source: InStat/MDR 11/2003 (Wireless); Wireless Data Research Group 2003; InStat/MDR 7/2004 (Handsets)

  11. Low Data Rate WPAN Applications PERSONAL HEALTH CARE Zigbee 2004 Zigbee 2006 Zigbee Pro BUILDING AUTOMATION CONSUMER ELECTRONICS security HVAC AMR lighting control accesscontrol TV VCR DVD/CD remote PC & PERIPHERALS INDUSTRIAL CONTROL asset mgt process control environmental energy mgt mouse keyboard joystick RESIDENTIAL/ LIGHT COMMERCIAL CONTROL patient monitoring fitness monitoring security HVAC lighting control access control lawn & garden irrigation

  12. Barriers to Adoption OnWorld, 2005

  13. Reliability Challenges - multipath Have sender send bursts of 1000 packets Have receiver count the number of received packets Move transmitter around in a 20cmx35cm square and start over

  14. Reliability Challenges - multipath 0% reliability 100% reliability ch.11

  15. Reliability Challenges - multipath 0% reliability 100% reliability ch.11 ch.12

  16. Reliability Challenges - multipath ch.11 ch.12 ch.19 ch.20 ch.13 ch.14 ch.21 ch.22 ch.15 ch.16 ch.23 ch.24 ch.17 ch.18 ch.25 ch.26

  17. Mesh Networking IP Gateway Applications: Emerson, GE, IBM, SAP, … Networks: Dust, Ember, … Components: Atmel, Freescale, Honeywell, TI, … 17

  18. Proof of Reliability, Ease of Use - 2005 • Industrial pressure/temperature sensors • Deployment spanning over 1200ft • No repeaters, site survey were needed to ensure connectivity • Electrical/Mechanical contractor installed per wired practices • >5 year life on C-cell 400m

  19. Wireless HART demo, 2006 2006 HART demo participants • ABB • Elpro • Emerson • Endress & Hauser • Honeywell • MACTek • Pepperl & Fuchs • Phoenix Contact • Siemens • Smar • Yokogawa Wireless HART, ISA Expo, Oct. 2006

  20. Dave Farr, CEO, Emerson, Investor Conference Feb. 2008

  21. Wheeling-Pittsburg Steel Need to monitor temp, coolant, lubrication Hot slag defeated wired solutions 5% improvement in productivity (reduced maintenance) 21

  22. Lime Kiln at Pulp & Paper Mill • Rotating lime kiln • Need to monitor temperature • 5% throughput improvement (reduced process time) 22

  23. Wireless Sensors Grane Platform, North Sea • 22 pressure sensors • 90% reduction in installation cost 23

  24. Shell Oil, Norway Wireless mesh network 2 km 1 km • GE Energy’s System 1 motor condition monitoring • 200 temperature and vibration sensors • No line power due to hazardous location rules • Wiring in sensors would cause a 2 week delay in “first gas”

  25. Chevron’s Richmond Refinery 1 km

  26. Richmond Refinery Wireless Umbrella 5 km2, 90% coverage 26

  27. Smart Building: Federspiel Controls • Data center at Franchise Tax Board : HVAC optimization to conserve energy • Savings: 459,000 kWh/yr, $55,000/yr (1 yr payback) • No wires, no interruption to data center operations 27

  28. Smart Infrastructure • Remote tracking and condition monitoring of rail car assets • Contents, bearings, hatches, hand-brakes, vibration, load • Condition-based maintenance

  29. Smart Cities: Streetline Networks Wireless sensor node 29

  30. BioMed • Manufacturing efficiency • Hospital asset tracking • Hospital patient comfort • Managed care: tracking, status • Home care

  31. Fisher BioServices, Maryland • Pharmaceutical Process Monitoring • Nitrogen-based cryogenic units for bio-specimen storage services • Monitor temperature in dynamic reconfigurable environment 31

  32. Energy • “Smart Grid” • Production • Distribution • Consumption

  33. Working up from the leaves … From a presentation by Prof. David Culler, UC Berkeley 10-8-2008 33 David Culler, UC Berkeley, 2/24/09

  34. Guess this load… Duty Cycle Idle Power Watts HP desktop Workstation $/year Active Power 10-8-2008 34 David Culler, UC Berkeley, 2/24/09

  35. Guess this Load … Thinkpad T61 laptop • Active power actually depends on what it is doing • Actually sleeps! 10-8-2008 35 David Culler, UC Berkeley, 2/24/09

  36. Guess this Load … Laptop + monitor Monitor “unplugged” screensaver Windows “turns off” monitor 10-8-2008 36 David Culler, UC Berkeley, 2/24/09

  37. Guess this Load … Refrigerator 10-8-2008 37 David Culler, UC Berkeley, 2/24/09

  38. Energy Management • Energy is the #1 cost of supermarkets after shelf stock • Service: monitor, analyze and reduce power consumption • Entire SmartMeshTM network installed in 3 hours (vs. 3-4 days) • Typical energy cost reduction: 10-25%

  39. Building Maintenance • Rapid retrofit of old buildings • Energy conservation from modernizing systems • Platform for additional in-building applications • Temperature & energy consumption monitoring • 2 hour install vs. 4 weeks for wired network •  97% reduction in installation cost

  40. Reliable Performance in Harsh Environments • Steel mills • Breweries! • Chemical processing • Food production • Urban Pavement • Rail cars • Power plants • Pharmaceutical manufacturing • Desert fences • Northern coal facilities • Oil and gas production & refining • … These and other factors conspire to define the difference between what works in the lab and what works in the real world! Successful deployments in over 30 countries on 6 continents.

  41. Barriers to Adoption >99.9% Wireless HART, IPv6 “It just worked” 5-10 years Complete networks OnWorld, 2005

  42. Location RFID? Infrastructure! 42

  43. RF Time of Flight Asset Management System & Location Engine Locn: Room 327, west wall Fixed Battery Powered Mote Network Manager 27.2m 22.5m 40.1m Mobile Mote 17.8m 23.2m Sensor 43 43

  44. This is a big deal • Real time location • Where is it right now? • Not Where was it when it went through a portal? • Peel-and-stick infrastructure • Battery-powered “readers” • Not Line powered, with ethernet • Infrastructure-free • Inter-mote ranging • Where are we all relative to each other?

  45. Standards • RFID • WiFi • Zigbee • Fine for home automation? • HART, ISA, IEC62591 • Industrial++ • IPv6

  46. IP – the King of Standards Application  Presentation  Session  Transport  Network  Data-Link  Physical  HTTP, SSH, Telnet, FTP “other” IETF OpenADR, XML UDP ,TCP WSN RDP IPv6 IETF ROLL RPL IEEE802.3 IEEE802.11 IETF 6LoWPAN IEEE802.15.4e IEEE IEEE802.15.4g… Tomorrow’s Internet of Things Today’s Internet 3/11/2010 openwsn.berkeley.edu

  47. Open-source reference http://openWSN.berkeley.edu

  48. Emergency Exit Sign GINA Mote Hospitals: Monthly & Annual testing required Light Controller Pushbutton Indicator • New revenue model for exit sign vendor, or partner: • performance record maintenance • automatic maintenance

  49. World’s first (?) IPv6 Emergency Exit Sign

  50. Harbor Research Prediction, 2008 H Consumer/ Home Transport Power M #/Scale of Connected Devices Retail Buildings Industrial Healthcare First Wave of Adopters ….. Next Wave L 2 1 3 Time (Years Out)

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