LEARNING

LEARNING

Learning • Relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior resulting from experience • 4 types of learning • Habituation • Classical conditioning • Operant conditioning • Observational learning • They all operate under the same principle – learning by association

How do we learn? Most learning is associative learning • Learning that certain events occur together.

Three Main Types of Learning Classical Conditioning Observational Learning Operant Conditioning

Classical Conditioning Or.. Pavlovian Conditioning Ivan Pavlov

Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning • Classical Conditioning • organism comes to associate two stimuli • lightning and thunder • tone and food • begins with a reflex • a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that evokes the reflex • neutral stimulus eventually comes to evoke the reflex

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response. Unconditional Response (UCR): the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the UCS.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS): an originally irrelevant (neutral) stimulus that, after association with the UCS, comes to trigger a response. Conditioned Response (CR): the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (waiting room) UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (waiting room) CR (nausea) Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients

Video Clip

Applying Classical Conditioning • Conditioned Fears • We have preferences for some fears • They are learned more quickly and the associations last longer, even during the extinction phase • Social Behaviors • People form strong positive and negative attitudes toward neutral objects by virtue of their links to emotionally charged stimuli • Immune System • Preliminary research shows that we can slow/bolster the immune system through classical conditioning

Come up with your own examples of Classical Conditioning

HW • Sex and the Single Quail Study

Pavlov spent the rest of his life outlining his ideas. He came up with 5 critical terms that together make up classical conditioning. • Acquisition • Extinction • Spontaneous Recovery • Generalization • Discrimination

Acquisition • The initial stage of learning. • The phase where the neutral stimulus is associated with the UCS so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the CR (thus becoming the CS). Does timing matter? • The CS should come before the UCS • They should be very close together in timing.

Extinction • The diminishing of a conditioned response. • Will eventually happen when the UCS does not follow the CS. Is extinction permanent?

Spontaneous Recovery • The reappearance. After a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response. • Renewal effect

Generalization • The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses.

Little Albert • Video clip

Stimulus Discrimination • The learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that does not signal UCS.

LEARNING

LEARNING

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