Lithium-Ion Battery + Nano-technology

1. Lithium-Ion Battery + Nano-technology By Hang Bo Liu

2. Introduction • A lithium-ion battery (sometimes Li-ion battery or LIB) is a family of rechargeable battery types in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge, and back when charging.

3. The modern battery was developed by Italian physicist Alessandro Volta in 1800. Battery History and Basics

4. Construction • The three primary functional components of a lithium-ion battery are the anode, cathode, and electrolyte. The anode of a conventional lithium-ion cell is made from carbon, the cathode is a metal oxide, and the electrolyte is a lithium salt in an organic solvent.

5. Formats • Li-ion cells are available in various formats, which can generally be divided into four groups: • Small cylindrical (solid body without terminals, such as those used in laptop batteries) • Large cylindrical (solid body with large threaded terminals) • Pouch (soft, flat body, such as those used in cell phones) • Prismatic (semi-hard plastic case with large threaded terminals, often used in vehicles' traction packs)

6. The Voltaic Pile

7. Charging • During charging, an external electrical power source (the charging circuit) applies a higher voltage (but of the same polarity) than that produced by the battery, forcing the current to pass in the reverse direction.

8. Advantages • Wide variety of shapes and sizes efficiently fitting the devices they power. • Much lighter than other energy-equivalent secondary batteries. • High open circuit voltage in comparison to aqueous batteries (such as lead acid, nickel-metal hydride and nickel-cadmium). This is beneficial because it increases the amount of power that can be transferred at a lower current. • No memory effect.

9. Disadvantages • Charging forms deposits inside the electrolyte that inhibit ion transport. Over time, the cell's capacity diminishes. The increase in internal resistance reduces the cell's ability to deliver current. • High charge levels and elevated temperatures hasten capacity loss.

10. Safety requirements • If overheated or overcharged, Li-ion batteries may suffer thermal runaway and cell rupture.

11. Nickel-cadmium: (NiCd) rechargeable, “memory effect” Nickel-metal hydride: (NiMH) rechargeable no “memory effect” Lithium-Ion: (Li-Ion) rechargeable no “memory effe Battery types

12. Memory Effect • The Memory Effect: (generally) When a battery is repeatedly recharged before it has discharged more than half of its power, it will “forget” its original power capacity.

13. Lithium • Periodic Table Symbol: Li • Atomic Weight: 3 (light!) • Highly reactive, with a high energy density. • Used to treat manic-depression because it is particularly effective at calming a person in a “manic” state.

14. The Periodic Table  

15. Specifications and design • Specific energy density ：150 to 250 W.h/kg or 540kj/kg • Volumetic energy density ：250 to 630 W.h/l or 900 to 1900 J/cm³ • Specific power density: 300 to 1500 W/kg (@ 20 seconds and 285 W·h/l)

16. Internal resistance • The internal resistance of standard (Cobalt) lithium-ion batteries is high compared to both other rechargeable chemistries such as nickel-metal hydride and nickel-cadmium, and LiFePO4 and lithium-polymer cells.

17. Finally, I believe Lithium-Ion Battery is very useful because its high energy density allows batteries them to power complex machinery and it also recharge quickly and hold their charge longer. Conclusion

18. http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/battery.htm http://www.batteryuniversity.com ttp://www.nano.gov/html/research/industry.html http://everything2.com/e2node/Lithium%2520ion%2520battery Links to References

19. The End