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Order Anura Frogs & Toads

Order Anura Frogs & Toads. Fred Searcy ZOO2010. Anura (Gr an = without + oura = tail). Frogs vs Toads Frogs typically Have smoother, slimier skin Lay eggs in stacks or masses Are skinnier with longer legs Move primarily by leaping Live closer to water Toads typically

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Order Anura Frogs & Toads

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  1. Order AnuraFrogs & Toads Fred Searcy ZOO2010

  2. Anura(Gr an = without + oura = tail) • Frogs vs Toads • Frogs typically • Have smoother, slimier skin • Lay eggs in stacks or masses • Are skinnier with longer legs • Move primarily by leaping • Live closer to water • Toads typically • Have rougher (warts), drier skin • Lay eggs in strings or straight lines • Have a stouter body, shorter legs • Move primarily by “walking” or shorter hops • Live further away from water

  3. Habitats & Distribution • Temperate, subtropical and tropical regions • None in New Zealand, Oceanic islands and southern South America • In temperate regions – hibernate in soft mud at bottoms of streams and lakes • Metabolic rate decreases • Live off stored glycogen and fat • Tree frogs hibernate in humus on forest floor • Some frogs & toads are “freeze proof”

  4. Integument • Skin loosely attached only at certain points • Epidermis contains keratin • Dermis • Glands • Mucous produce a slimy waterproofing • Serous abundant around neck and head region – called parotid glands • White watery poison • Chromatophores (also extend into epidermis) • Xanthophores (yellow, orange, red) • Iridophores (metallic) • Melanophores (black and brown)

  5. Skeletal System • Endoskeleton of bone and cartilage • 9 trunk vertebrae • Caudal fused to form urostyle • Limbs at right angles to the body

  6. Muscular System • Not in myomere form of fish • Dorsal muscles hold and support head and vertebral column • Ventral muscles well developed to support internal organs • Axial muscles • Anterior-ventral – pull limbs forward (protraction) and to the midline (adduction) • Posterior-dorsal – works in opposition – back (retraction) and away (abduction)

  7. Respiration • Three structures • Skin • Buccal membranes • Lungs • CO2 lost through the skin • Positive pressure lungs • Air pulled in by lowering floor of mouth to bring air in through nostrils • Nostrils close and glottis opens • Floor of mouth raised and air pushed into lungs

  8. Vocal Cords • Both sexes produce sounds but males have better developed larynges • Air forced over • The cords from lungs • Buccal pouches in floor of mouth • Buccal pouches often used as resonance chambers • Most vocal during breeding season

  9. Circulation • Closed circulatory system • Arteries • Veins • Lymph vessels • Three chambered heart

  10. Heart • Problem with mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood • Partition between atria but not in ventricle • Deoxygenated blood enters heart through swelling of vessels at the top of the heart called the sinous venosus • Enters right atrium • Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs. • Both atria contract at the same time, therefore both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood enters the ventricle • As it is pumped out the ventricle, enters the conus arteriosus • Spiral valve in conus separates oxygenated from deoxygenated blood

  11. Nutrition • Carnivorous • Insects, worms, snails, small arthropods • Large species may eat birds • Protrusible tongue • Attached to front of the mouth • Sticky secretions • Teeth hold prey in • Premaxillae • Maxillae • Vomers • Less lengthy digestive tract (proteins of animals) • Tadpoles mostly herbaceous • Sucker like disk allow them to attach to vegetation • Longer digestive tract (plants)

  12. Nervous System • Brain’s three regions • Forebrain (telencephalon) • smell • Midbrain (mesencephalon) • vision • Hindbrain (rhombencephalon) • Cerebellum (equilibrium & movement) • Medulla (all other sensory neurons except sight and smell) • Spinal cord controls many responses • Movement of limbs • Beating of heart • Lung functions

  13. Auditory Sensations • No lateral line • Sound detected through middle ear • Stapes transmits sound to inner ear • Middle ear covered by tympanic membrane • Inner ear contains • Utricle • Three semicircular canals • Saccule with out pocket called lagena covered by tectorial membrane • Tectorial membrane rests on bed of hairs • Detect low frequency sounds (lower than 4000 hz)

  14. Vision • Terrestrial existence required greater modification from aquatic environment • Lachrymal glands to keep eyes moist • Eyelids • Cornea an additional light bending structure • Accommodation • Unlike reptiles, birds, and mammals, the lens is actually moved • Color vision (rods & cones) • Nictitating membrane

  15. Other Sensory Receptors • Tactile and chemical receptors • Taste buds on tongue and palate • Olfactory in nasal cavity

  16. Reproduction • Spring • Males call to attract females • Amplexus • Telolecithal development • 6-9 days later, tadpole emerges • Complete metamorphosis may be finished in 3 months • Bull frogs may need 2-3 years

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