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Interwar Years Part II

Interwar Years Part II. The United States in the 1920s and 1930s. Republican administrations Warren G. Harding won 1920 election “Return to normalcy” Calvin College Friend of business Herbert Hoover wins in 1928 Individualism and free enterprise. Social Changes in the 1920s.

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Interwar Years Part II

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  1. Interwar Years Part II

  2. The United States in the 1920s and 1930s • Republican administrations • Warren G. Harding won 1920 election • “Return to normalcy” • Calvin College • Friend of business • Herbert Hoover wins in 1928 • Individualism and free enterprise

  3. Social Changes in the 1920s • The decade of the 1920s was one of prosperity and optimism for some Americans, doubt and despair for some Americans, and frivolity and loosening of morals for others. • Known as “the Roaring Twenties” the “Jazz Age” – a revolution in manners and morals

  4. Social Changesin the 1920s • Economic • Corporations • Factories • Double their output in the 1920s – Electricity • By the late 1920s, Americans achieve highest standard of living in the world • City • City culture and Prohibition (1920) • Automobile • Entertainment (Radio and Movies) • Advertising

  5. The Great Depression • Beginning of the Great Depression • October 24, 1929 (Black Thursday)– • Stock market crashed • Symptom of larger problem – did not cause depression • Franklin Roosevelt (1932) and the New Deal changes government’s role. • Depression would end with the outbreak of war in Europe – rise in military spending.

  6. Mexico1920s and 1930s • The Mexican Revolution • By 1910, Mexico had been dominated by Porfirio Diaz for 35 years. • Peasant revolution erupted fueled by the unequal distribution of land and by disgruntled workers. • In 1910, Francisco Madero, along with Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata, began a revolt that would force Diaz to flee. • Madero and Zapata would be assassinated and a brutal 10 year struggle for control led to 1 million Mexican deaths. (10% of the population)

  7. Mexico1920s and 1930s • By 1920, the revolution had ended and the new leaders worked to restore political stability while gradually pushing for democratic reform. • The greatest leader of this period was President Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-40). • The government began to recast the national image away from the Latin history of Mexico and toward its Amerindian heritage (Aztecs and Mayans).

  8. China • Unlike India and Africa, China was never formally colonized. • But its sovereignty was compromised by “concession areas” established by various foreign powers on Chinese soil. • Foreign nationals were immune from Chinese laws. • Revolution of 1911 put an end to the Manchu (Qing) dynasty. • Symbolized the first step toward transforming a large and crumbling agrarian empire into a modern nation.

  9. Sun Yat-sen(1866-1925) • Sun Yat-sen leads the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912. • Organizes a political party – the Guomindang. • Despite high hopes for the new government, the new republic could not establish its legitimacy. • Chaos ensued and an effective central government in China was replaced by local military leaders – warlords – who fought with one another for control.

  10. The May Fourth Movement(May 4, 1919) • Students protested the Treaty of Versailles • Awarded Germany’s old concession rights in the Shandong peninsula to Japan. • Led to a wide-ranging outburst of social and intellectual protest. • A reexamination of old traditions and systems. • Sun Yat-sen and the Guomindang regain control of government. • Under the banner of anti-imperialism, the newly reorganized party sponsored mass organizations of worker unions, peasant leagues, and women’s associations.

  11. Chiang Kai-shek • Upon his death in 1925, he was replaced with his protégé, Chiang Kai-shek who brought about a partial unification of China. • The Nationalist government (KMT) would rule China from 1928-1937. • Built factories, schools, universities, improved roads and railroads, new European based legal codes, equality to women, and recognition from Europe. • Was successful in realizing Chinese nationalism by recovering many rights lost to Western imperialist.

  12. China and Japan • After 1931, its very existence would be threatened by Japan. • Japanese assaults against China led to civil war. • The communist party would reemerge under the leadership of Mao Tse-tung. • Driven from the cities, the Communists concentrated on organizing the lives of peasants in the countryside.

  13. Communists • In 1931, they proclaimed the establishment of the Chinese Soviet Republic with Mao Tse-tung as chairman of the Communist Party of China (CCP). • While conducting guerilla warfare in these regions, the soldiers carried out an agrarian revolution that was based on Mao’s goal to isolate the cities by gaining control over the countryside and the food supply.

  14. Chiang Seeks to Eliminate Communists • With arms and military advisors from Nazi Germany, Chiang carried out a series of “extermination campaigns” that killed about 1 million between 1930 and 1934. • The Communists barely survived by making the Long March in 1934. • 100,000 men and women traveled 6,000 miles to escape to the northwest.

  15. Unopposed Japanese Aggression • In the meantime, the Japanese had made steady inroads into China. • Japanese seized Manchuria and Inner Mongolia with no resistance from the Nationalists. • Chiang launched another extermination campaign in 1936. • His troops mutinied and arrested him in December 1936. • He was released after he agreed to form a united front with the CCP against the Japanese. • The “united front” lasted until 1941 when the two parties began to engage in armed conflict with each other.

  16. Japan • By the end of WWI, Japan was recognized as a Great Power. • WWI had boosted Japan’s industries and economy. • It was certainly the dominant power in Asia. • Participated in Versailles. • A decade of international cooperation for Japan. • Japan participates in a series of treaties limiting warships. • Moves away from militarists and toward party government. • In the 1920s, Japan continues industrializing and promoting democratic reforms such as universal manhood suffrage and greater political freedom.

  17. Economy Turns Downward • Unfortunately, it slips into a depression in 1927 that brings the government under the control of military leaders – signaling the triumph of militarism. • In order to stimulate the economy, there were increases in military expenditures. • China seen as a place of unlimited resources. • Irony: The economic depression in Japan began to improve at the same time as the expansionist policies were implemented. • Impression: Imperialism was ending the depression.

  18. The Ascendancy of Militarism in Japan Emperor Hirohito (1901-1989) • 1930s becomes a decade of fear. • Right-wing patriotism, weakening democratic forces, domestic violence, and military aggression abroad. • These leaders will pursue an imperialist course, leading to a war with China. • The Manchurian Incident (1931) • 3 month undeclared war against China • Japan withdraws from the League of Nations (1933)

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