Pauline Welby welbyp@tcd.ie Col áiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath Irlanda

1. Segmental anchoring or segmental anchorage?Tonal alignment and scaling of the French late rise and implications for models of intonational structure Pauline Welby welbyp@tcd.ie Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath Irlanda

2. Research carried out at:Institut de la Communication Parlée (CNRS)(Département Parole et Cognition de GIPSA-lab (CNRS))Grenoble, France Joint work with Hélène Lœvenbruck Welby, Pauline and Hélène Lœvenbruck. (2006). Anchored down in Anchorage: Syllable structure and segmental anchoring in French. Rivista di Linguistica/ Italian Journal of Linguistics 18: 74–124. Current Issues in Tonal Alignment. Mariapaola D'Imperio (ed.). Welby, Pauline and Hélène Lœvenbruck. (2005) Interspeech.

3. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Introduction • Aims • Examine language universal claims of the “segmental anchoring” hypothesis (Ladd et al., 1999) • Examine influence of syllabic structure on tonal alignment in French • Learn about French intonation and intonation structure more generally • Approach • Record two read speech corpora • Examine tonal alignment and tonal scaling

4. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Segmental anchoring • Hypothesis about the nature of tonal alignment and tonal scaling, cross-linguistically (Arvaniti et al., 1998, Ladd et al., 1999) • Languages examined for hypothesis include: Catalan Dutch English German Greek Russian Spanish

5. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Segmental anchoring and tonal alignment Tonal alignment: timing of peaks and valleys in the fundamental frequency (F0) curve with segmental landmarks Segmental anchoring claim: “… when we look more closely at the differences of detail that have been documented between one syllable structure and another or between one language and another, we find that both the beginning and the end of the f0 movement can and must be precisely specified [with respect to segmental landmarks]” (Ladd et al. 2000, emphasis added).

6. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Segmental anchoring and tonal scaling Tonal scaling:relative position of peaks and valleys in the “tonal space” Segmental anchoring claim: “Strictly speaking, the segmental anchoring hypothesis makes no predictions about the size of the F0 excursion, yet the idea of independent L and H targets leads to the expectation that rate will have little effect on excursion size.” (Ladd et al. 1999)

7. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions A prediction Steeper slope as rate increases F0 excursion size rise time normal fast

8. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Research question 1 • Do French patterns support the claims of segmental anchoring? • anchors for start and end of F0 rise? • little variation in position of start and end? • (within and across rates) • fairly constant tonal scaling across rates? • steeper slopes in fast rate utterances?

9. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Basics of French prosody late rise [Les vitamines]AP qu’ils recèlent naturellement… ‘The vitamins that they naturally contain….’ (AP = accentual phrase)

10. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Basics of French prosody late rise [Les vitamines]AP qu’ils recèlent naturellement… late rise early rise [Les vitamines]AP qu’ils recèlent naturellement… (AP = accentual phrase)

11. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Basics of French prosody late rise H L L [Les vitamines]AP qu’ils recèlent naturellement… late rise early rise H H L L [Les vitamines]AP qu’ils recèlent naturellement… (AP = accentual phrase)

12. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Basics of French prosody late rise H L L [Les vitamines]AP qu’ils recèlent naturellement… late rise early rise H H L L [Les vitamines]AP qu’ils recèlent naturellement… Models using tonal targets: Di Cristo & Hirst (1996), Di Cristo (1999, 2000); Post (2000); Jun & Fougeron (2000, 2002); Mertens (1987, 2002); Welby (2002, 2003, 2004); Welby & Lœvenbruck (2006)

13. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Example from corpus H2 H1 Fundamental frequency (Hz) L2 L1 Time (s) Les vitamines qu’ils recèlent naturellement sont un prétexte pour les gourmands. ‘The vitamins that they naturally contain are just an excuse for people who like to eat.’

14. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Alignment of L2 and H2 • H2: • “close to the end” of the last syllable of the AP(Welby 2003) • L2: • sometimes in penultimate syllable • sometimes in last syllable • association to (Jun & Fougeron, 2000)/alignment to (Post, 2002)penultimate syllable

15. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Research question 2 • What are the precise anchors for L2 and H2?

16. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions H2 anchor point: end of vowel salami [mi] vitamine [min] [mid] pyramide

17. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions H2 anchor point: end of sonorant rhyme salami [mi] vitamine [min] [mid] pyramide

18. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions H2 anchor point: end of syllable salami [mi] vitamine [min] [mid] pyramide

19. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions L2 anchor point • not possible to posit specific anchor points a priori • alignment with respect to penultimate syllable (Jun & Fougeron, 2000; Post, 2002) or last syllable?

20. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Methods: Participants • 6 native speakers of Parisian French • Students or researchers in Grenoble • Average age: 27

21. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Methods: Corpus • 6 noun triplets:C1V1.C2V2.C3V3(C3) • Targets embedded in carrier sentences: • {le, la, les} target [{qui, que, qu’ils, qu’elles…} VP] VP • ‘the target that…’ • Sentences placed in paragraphs

22. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions La cuisine de Marie-Noëlle regorge de victuailles. Un salami qui a été rapporté de Parme suinte d'une graisse très prometteuse. Sur la desserte, un immense compotier déborde de fruits de toutes sortes. Les vitamines qu'ils recèlent naturellement sont un prétexte pour les gourmands. Une pièce-montée en choux et nougatine trône sur le buffet. La pyramide qui dégouline de caramel fera sûrement des amateurs. ‘Marie-Noëlle's kitchen is overflowing with provisions. A salami that was brought back from Parma is dripping with very promising grease. On the side table, a giant bowl is brimming with all kinds of fruit. The vitamins that they naturally contain are just an excuse for people who like to eat. A layer cake with puff pastries and nougatine is prominently displayed on the cabinet. The pyramid, dripping with caramel, will surely be appreciated.’

23. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Methods: Procedures • 6 paragraphs read at 2 rates: • normal • fast • Recorded to DAT (44.1 kHz), transferred to PC, downsampled (22.05 kHz) • Target sentences saved to separate files • Labelled (Praat): words, syllables, segments, L2, H2 • 133 items with LHLH in critical APs • Duration, latency, rate, etc. extracted/ calculated (Praat)

24. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions normal fast Results – Rate * * Rate, target word (syllable/ms) Speaker

25. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions normal fast Results – Rise time * *

26. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions normal (Hz) fast * Results – F0 excursion size *

27. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Results:correlation rise time/ F0 excursion size

28. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Results – rise time, f0 excursion F0 excursion size F0 excursion size rise time rise time

29. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Results – L2 alignment • L2 rarely in penultimate syllable • Generally toward the beginning of last syllable. Cf. Jun & Fougeron (2000), Post (2002), Welby (2003a/b)

30. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions H2 begS3toL2 begV3toL2 L2 Results – L2 alignment Two potential anchors examined Rate effects for 2 speakers

31. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions end of onset consonant Results – L2 alignment H2 normal H1 L2 L1 ‘the sentinel/ watchman’

32. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions start of onset consonant Results – L2 alignment H2 fast H1 L2 L1 ‘The man from Milan’

33. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions H2 anchor point: end of vowel salami [mi] vitamine [min] [mid] pyramide

34. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions H2 anchor point: end of sonorant rhyme salami [mi] vitamine [min] [mid] pyramide

35. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions H2 anchor point: end of syllable salami [mi] vitamine [min] [mid] pyramide

36. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions endV3toH2 H2 L2 Potential H2 anchor points [mi] [min] [mid]

37. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions endSonRhymetoH2 H2 L2 Potential H2 anchor points [min]

38. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Observed H2 alignment salami [mi] [mid] pyramide

39. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Observed H2 alignment salami [mi] vitamine [min] [mid] pyramide

40. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions CVCobs CV endV3toH2 endV3toH2 CVCson CVCson endV3toH2 endSonRhymeToH2 Results – H2 alignment [mid] [mi] [min] [min]

41. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Results – H2 alignment H1 H2 L2 L1 les vitamines ‘the vitamins’

42. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Results – H2 alignment H2 H1 L2 L1 ce matinal ‘this morning person’

43. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions contra segmental anchoring contra segmental anchoring Alignment results summary • L2 • Differences from previous studies • No stable anchor point • Rate effects for 2/5 speakers • H2 • Effect of syllable structure on alignment • CV & CVCobs vs. CVCson • No simple anchor point for CVCson: great alignment variability (60ms+)

44. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Anchor vs. Anchorage anchor (n): a mechanical device that prevents a vessel from moving

45. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Anchor vs. Anchorage anchor (n): a mechanical device that prevents a vessel from moving anchorage (n): a place where vessels anchor; a place suitable for anchoring

46. segmental anchor AP

47. segmental anchorage AP

48. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Conclusions Segmental anchoring not supported for French • No clear anchor point for L2 • Rate effects on L2 alignment • Rate effects on F0 excursion size • No stable anchor point for H2 Segmental anchoring claims cannot be spoken language universals. For some languages: • Only one end of a rise is anchored • Rate effects on F0 excursion size • Anchorages rather than anchors Segmental anchorage is not claimed to be a spoken language universal. Rather, it is one of the range of alignment possibilties.

49. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Conclusions Alignment of French H2 • Surface alignment differences across syllables structures • Unified account provided by the notion of segmental anchorage • For H2, region stretching from ~ 25 ms before the end of the last full vowel of the accentual phrase to the end of the phrase. • Few peaks in voiced obstruents: • physical constraints on maintaining voicing • preserving of cues to consonant identity

50. Introduction Segmental Anchoring French prosody Production expt Methods Results Conclusions Conclusions Danger of arguing for language universals based on data from a few languages