Developing training modules in support of NATO’s Policy on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings

1. Developing training modulesin support of NATO’s Policy on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings Derek Lutterbeck, GCSP Moscow, 15 March 2005

2. Overview • General Module • Module for Military Commanders • Module for Military Law Enforcement • Case Studies • Advanced Distributed Learning NATO Policy on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings

3. Background • Link between peacekeeping operations trafficking in women and girls (e.g. Balkans) • Since 2003 growing awareness of problem of THB within NATO • Potential involvement of NATO personnel in THB seen as:  threat to mission security  threat to mission credibility

4. Process (1) Early 2004: Seminar Brussels NATO/EAPC ambassadors need to address problem of THB April 2004: Draft NATO Policy on Combating THB development of training modules involvement of IOs and NGOs June 2004: Istanbul Summit endorsement of NATO Policy on Combating THB

5. NATO’s Policy on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings • Zero-tolerance policy: NATO-led forces are prohibited from engaging in or facilitating trafficking in human beings • Support for host nation: NATO-led forces will support within their competence and mandate the efforts of the host country to combat trafficking in human beings • Training: personnel taking part in NATO-led operations shall receive appropriate training to raise awareness of problem of THB NATO Policy on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings EAPC(C)D(2004)0029 (8 June 2004)

6. Process (2) September 2004: GCSP Workshop on “Curriculum Development on Combating THB”  Core Working Group & Reference Group November 2004: Meeting at NATO School  Drafting Teams February 2005: Meeting at NATO School  Review of prototypes

7. GCSP – Geneva Centre for Security Policy GTZ– Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit IOM – International Organization for Migration BMLV/LVAk – Austrian National Defense Academy EUPM – European Union Police Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina Reaching Out – Romania UNOHCHR - United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights UNDPKO - United Nations Department for Peacekeeping Operations UNODC - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Participatory approach and with the support of the Norwegian and US Delegations to NATO

8. General Module • NATO Policy on Combating THB • What is trafficking in human beings? • Victims & traffickers • Impact of THB on NATO-led operations • Responses to trafficking in human beings security – human face – change of attitude

9. Module for Military Commanders • NATO Policy on Combating THB • What is trafficking in human beings? • Traffickers & victims • Characteristics of organized crime • Your responsibility as Commanders & Supervisors • Reporting misconduct of personnel commander responsibility - mission accomplishment - force protection

10. Module for Military Law Enforcement • NATO Policy on Combating THB • What is trafficking in human beings? • Traffickers & victims • Characteristics of organized crime • Investigative techniques force protection - sensitivity training

11. ADL Course on Combating THB • To be developed jointly by GCSP, ISN and NATO School (first draft to be completed by June 2005) • Based on General Module • Roughly 2 hours long • Divided into self-contained, detachable ‘learning objects’ (e.g. definition of THB, NATO policy on THB, security implications of THB etc.)

12. Trafficking in Human Beings(THB) A threat to security and stability

13. - recruitment - transfer - harbouring - receipt of persons ACTS threat or use of - force - deception - coercion - abuse of power MEANS - sexual exploitation - forced labour - slavery - begging - removal of organs - etc PURPOSE Elements of THB

14. Broken social & political order • Destroyed economy • Black markets • General lawlessness • Corruption • Vulnerable people NATO-led operations may take place in areas … where organised crime operates

15. NATO-led Forces Organised crime is well-networked... Fraud Money laundering Protection rackets Front Companies Smuggling Trafficking Crime Business Corruption Bribery Partiality Bribery Economic espionage Monopoly Protection State Authorities

16. Tuberculosis • Hepatitis • Venereal Diseases • HIV AIDS Corruption “Next time you get it for free if you do me a favor...” Blackmail “Do me a favor, or you might get troubles...” Security risks Active Engagement in THB is a crime THB may be linked to serious health hazards

17. Impact on Security Engagement in THB makes you … … a risk factor for • Your friends • Your unit • Your Mission Don’t bring them into danger !

18. Mission accomplishment Security Credibility form the base YOU Security, Stability & Peace

19. A trafficked person is not a criminal but a victim of a serious crime! 21 year-old single-mother / Earned only 10 Euro per month from her job in Moldova / Promised a employment in Italy / Crossed the border from Romania to Serbia in the company of traffickers on foot at night / Once in Serbia held captive in a locked apartment with 16 other women / Traffickers took her passport away Passed her from one owner to the another / Ultimately sold to a bar owner in Prizren / Forced to prostitute herself / No pay for her “work” / Beaten regularly Repeatedly raped and sexually assaulted

20. Who are the traffickers? Recruiters Transporters Exploiters and others who • assist the traffickers (e.g., accomplices); • transfer, harbour or receive trafficked persons; • knowingly utilise the services of trafficked persons; • organise or direct other persons to traffic.

21. Fundamental Principles of Investigation • Thorough • Confidential • Safe • Independent • Impartial • Objective • Timely • Accurate • Well-documented

22. Follow up Train the trainers Implementation of trainings • Pre-deployment training • Training in mission areas Codes of conduct and enforcement Updated OPLANS