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The Continuous Representation

The Continuous Representation. UNIT 2. Topics covered in this unit include Additional terminology Practices – The fundamental building blocks Process areas Specific goals and specific practices Generic goals and generic practices Required, expected and informative model components

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The Continuous Representation

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  1. The Continuous Representation

  2. UNIT 2 Topics covered in this unit include • Additional terminology • Practices – The fundamental building blocks • Process areas • Specific goals and specific practices • Generic goals and generic practices • Required, expected and informative model components • Capability levels – characteristics and associated generic practices

  3. Additional Terminology Practicesare actions that are needed to enact the key parts of a process area. Establish and maintain implies --formulate, document and use throughout the organisation. Managed Process is one which is performed and executed in accordance with policy; employs skilled people having adequate resources to produce controlled outputs; involves relevant stakeholders; is monitored, controlled and reviewed; and is evaluated for adherence to its process description.

  4. Capability Levels A capability level represents achievement of process improvement within an individual process area. There are five capability levels and a given process area could be assessed to be at one of these five levels. A given capability level has associated with it a set of specific and generic goals (each with their respective specific and generic practices).

  5. Levels • Levels are used in CMMI to describe an evolutionary path for an organization that wants to improve the processes it uses to develop and maintain its products and services. • CMMI supports two improvement paths: • continuous - enabling an organization to incrementally improve processes corresponding to an individual process area (or set of process areas) selected by the organization • staged – To be discussed later

  6. The Capability Levels CL 5 Optimizing CL 4 Quantitatively Managed CL 3 Defined CL 2 Managed CL 1 Performed

  7. Five Capability Levels (CMMIV1.2) CL 5 CL 4 CL 3 Process Area Each capability level in a process area has its own process area components CL 2 CL 1 NB All process areas can be assessed up to CL 5 in CMMIV1.2 In CMMIv1.3, process areas can be assessed up to CL 3 only

  8. Process Area Components.At CL 1 there is one generic goal and 1..m specific goals Process Area Components 1..m Specific Goals One Generic Goal Generic Practice CL 1 – 1 GP 1..m Specific Practices 1..m Specific Practices 1..m Specific Practices mth SG

  9. Process Area ComponentsAt each of CL 2,3,4,5 there is one generic goal Process Area Components Generic Goal Generic Practices (CL 2 – 10 GPs CL3 to CL 5 – 2 GPs

  10. Category Process Areas Organizational Process Focus Organizational Process Definition Organizational Training Organizational Process Performance Process Management Project Planning Project Monitoring and Control Supplier Agreement Management Integrated Project Management Risk Management Quantitative Project Management Project Management Engineering Requirements Development Technical Solution Product Integration Verification Validation Support Configuration Management Process and Product Quality Assurance Measurement and Analysis Decision Analysis and Resolution Causal Analysis and Resolution There are four Process Area Categories (Continuous Representation) and twenty-two Process Areas Organizational Innovation and Deployment Organisational Performance Management Requirements Management

  11. Specific Goals (SGs) A specific goal describes what must be implemented to satisfy the process area Example from the Organisational Training process area: SG1 Establish an organisational training capability

  12. Specific Practices (SPs) A specific practice is an activity that is considered important in achieving the associated specific goal Example from the Organisational Training process area and for SG1 SP 1.2 Determine which training needs are the responsibility of the organisation

  13. Generic Goals (GG) Each of the five capability levels has only one generic goal that describes the institutionalisation that an organisation must achieve at that capability level. Consequently there are five generic goals in every process area, one for each capability level Generic goals are called generic because they are applicable in multiple process areas.

  14. Generic Practices (GPs) Generic practices are activities that ensure that the processes of a given process area are effective, repeatable and lasting. Generic practices contribute to the achievement of the generic goal.

  15. Required, Expected and Informative Model Components • Specific Goals and Generic Goals are required. These model components are essential to achieving process improvement in a given process area and are used in appraisals to determine process area capability • Specific Practices and Generic Practices are expected. These model components explain what is typically done in meeting goals. Acceptable alternative practices are permitted • Any other facts about the CMMI are informative, simply providing details about the model

  16. Capability Levels • A capability level consists of a generic goal and its related generic practices that can improve the organization’s processes associated with a process area. • Capability levels provide a scale for measuring your processes against each process area in a CMMI model. • There are five capability levels. • Each level is a layer in the foundation for continuous process improvement. • Capability levels are cumulative (i.e., a higher capability level includes the practices of the lower levels).

  17. Capability Levels within CMMIV1.2 CMMI V1.3 – No CL 4 or 5

  18. Incomplete – Capability level 0 if there was one • Process is either not performed or only partially performed in that one or more of the specific goals for a process area at level 1 are not satisfied. • There are no goals either specific or generic at capability level 0 … it is rather like a default capability level

  19. All specific goals of the process area are satisfied but definition, planning, monitoring and control of the process may be unstable leading to problems of inconsistency in performing the process The GG here is simply to achieve the specific goals of the process area. GG1: Achieve Specific Goals GP1.1:Perform Specific Practices Capability Level 1:Performed

  20. CL 0 and CL 1: ExampleSupplier Agreement Management PA At CL1 the SGs of the SAM PA are: SG1 Establish Supplier Agreement SP1.1 Determine acquisition type SP1.2 Select Suppliers SP1.3 Establish Supplier Agreements SG2 Satisfy Supplier Agreements SP2.1 Execute the Supplier Agreement SP2.2 Monitor selected supplier processes SP2.3 Evaluate selected supplier work products SP2.4 Accept the acquired product SP2.5 Transition Products If an organisation for example has a poor method of selecting suppliers (say simply by relying on advice from some individual in the organisation) and maybe fails to transition products formally then it has partially failed in both specific goals for the SAM PA and consequently is at CL0 for this PA. To be at CL 1 in SAM, the organisation needs to satisfy only these two Specific Goals (SG1 and SG2) since the Generic Goal at this level simply requires that the Specific Goals be

  21. Capability Level 2: Managed • A CL2 process is a managed process • A managed process is a performed process that is also planned and executed in accordance with policy, employs skilled people having adequate resources to produce controlled outputs, involves relevant stakeholders, is monitored, controlled and reviewed and is evaluated for adherence to its process description. • A managed process is institutionalized

  22. CL 2: ExampleSupplier Agreement Management PA There are no Specific Goals and therefore no Specific Practices at capability level 2 for this PA. However, we have the following Generic Goal and Practices: GG2: Institutionalise a Managed Process GP 2.1: Establish an organisational policy Establish and maintain an organisational policy for planning and performing the SAM process GP 2.2: Plan the process Establish and maintain the plan for performing the SAM process GP 2.3: Provide Resources Provide adequate resources for performing the SAM process, developing the work products and providing the services of the process GP 2.4: Assign Responsibility Assign responsibility and authority for performing the process, developing the work products and providing the services of the process

  23. GP 2.5: Train People Train the people performing or supporting the SAM process as needed GP 2.6: Manage Configurations Place designated work products of the SAM process under appropriate levels of configuration management GP 2.7: Identify and Involve Relevant Stakeholders Identify and involve the relevant stakeholders of the SAM process as planned GP 2.8: Monitor and Control the Process Monitor and control the SAM process against the plan for performing the process and take appropriate corrective action GP 2.9: Objectively Evaluate Adherence Objectively evaluate adherence of the SAM process against the process description, standards and procedures, and address compliance GP 2.10:Review Status with Higher Level Management Review the activities, status and results of the SAM process with higher level management and resolve issues

  24. CL2: SAM For example, if an organisation had inadequate means for handling ‘issues’ with suppliers preferring always to go to contract and failed to review supplier performance (with variance in quality of goods supplied by a given supplier going unrecognised) and the organisation did not evaluate properly the performance of the SAM process against its process description (with the process actually being followed at odds with the established organisational policy) then the organisation may well fail to be at CL2 in SAM

  25. Capability Level 3: Defined • A defined process is a managed process that is tailored from the organisation’s set of standard processes according to the organisation’s tailoring guidelines. • A process description is tailored from the organisation’s set of standard processes • The organisation’s set of standard processes are established and improved over time because process improvement information is added to the organisational process assets.

  26. CL 3: Example Supplier Agreement Management PA There are no Specific Goals and therefore no Specific Practices at capability level 3 for this PA. However, we have the following Generic Goal and Practices: GG3: Institutionalise a Defined Process GP 3.1 Establish a defined process Establish and maintain the description of a defined SAM process GP 3.2 Collect Improvement Information Collect work products, measures, measurement results and improvement information derived from planning and performing the SAM process to support the future use and improvement of the organisation’s processes and process assets GP 3.2 Collect Process Related Experiences Collect process related experiences from planning and performing the SAM process to support the future use and improvement of the organisation’s processes and process assets

  27. CL3: SAM For example, an organisation may well have executed GP 2.1 and 2.2 but this simply means that a policy exists for planning and performing a SAM process and that a plan exists for the SAM process. However GP3.1raises the definitive characteristics of the SAM process. An organisation may collect some measures on which to judge performance. For example, measuring the frequency of late deliveries, faulty delivered goods, cost increases and quality of delivered goods. The organisation may also monitor the effectiveness of its process for GP 2.7: Identify and Involve Relevant Stakeholders…there may be an alarming tendency for suppliers not to attend review meetings and therefore this aspect of the process would need to be investigated. Without the attendance information the process could not be improved.

  28. Capability Level 4: Quantitatively Managed (CMMIV1.2 only) • A quantitatively managed process is a defined process that is controlled using statistical and other quantitative techniques. • Quantitative objectives for product quality, service quality and process performance are used to manage the process so that statistical predictability is achieved.

  29. CL 4: Example Supplier Agreement Management PA There are no Specific Goals and therefore no Specific Practices at capability level 4 for this PA. However, we have the following Generic goal and Practices: GG 4: Institutionalise a Quantitatively Managed Process GP 4.1: Establish Quantitative Objectives for the Process Establish and maintain quantitative objectives for the SAM process that address quality and process performance based on customer needs and business objectives GP 4.2: Stabilize Subprocess Performance Stabilize the performance of one or more subprocesses to determine the ability of the SAM process to achieve the established quantitative quality and process performance objectives

  30. CL4: SAM For example, an organisation may well be aware of the frequency and number of faulty delivered goods and may indeed wish to address this with the supplier involved. However, for GP4.1, the organisation needs to have an understanding of the statistical norms for such activities either from historical data or from sources outside the organisation and set itself an objective for this measure which is quantifiable and realistic in these terms. For GP4.2 the organisation needs to stabilize aspects of the SAM process in order to establish whether or not the process is capable of delivering on the objective.

  31. Capability Level 5: Optimizing(CMMIV1.2 only) • An optimizing process is a quantitatively managed process that is changed and adapted to meet relevant current and projected business objectives • It is process improvement here that is the issue and so quantitative process improvement objectives are set, maybe brought about by method or technological improvements.

  32. CL 5: Example Supplier Agreement Management PA There are no Specific Goals and therefore no Specific Practices at capability level 5 for this PA. However, we have the following Generic goal and Practices: GG5: Institutionalize an Optimizing Process GP 5.1: Ensure Continuous Process Improvement Ensure continuous improvement of the SAM process in fulfilling the relevant business objectives of the organisation GP 5.2: Correct Root Causes of Problems Identify and correct the root causes of defects and other problems in the SAM process

  33. CL5: SAM For example, an organisation may well have an understanding of the statistical norms for suppliers not attending review meetings and set realistic and achievable objectives for this given its existing process. However, management has decided that tighter quality control needs to be implemented by the suppliers and has presented plans for the organisation’s suppliers. This will need almost full attendance by the suppliers at review meetings. Therefore new technology will be used to move away from formal quarterly meetings at the organisations HQ towards video conferencing. It is envisaged that this change to the process will bring about 100% participation as opposed to the 85%-90% expected success of the older approach and consequently the organisation can more effectively roll out its new plans for quality control in the suppliers. Importantly here, process improvement is part of every person’s role and opportunities to improve the process are continually being sought (particularly as new methods and new technology act as drivers)

  34. Distinctions CMMI V1.3 Optimizing The process is continuously improved by addressing common causes of process variation Quantitatively Managed The predictability of Process performance Defined The scope of application of the process descriptions, standards and procedures (i.e. project Vs organisation Managed The extent to which the process Is planned, performance is managed; corrective actions are taken when needed Performed

  35. Improving! CMMI-V1.3 Level 5 - Apply CAR and OPM Level 4 - Apply QPM and OPP To selected PA Optimizing GP1.1 through GP5.2 CL1 SPs GP1.1 through GP4.2 CL1 SPs Quantitatively Managed Defined GP1.1 through GP3.2 CL1 SPs Managed GP1.1 through GP2.10 CL1 SPs Performed GP1.1 CL1 SPs

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