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Relative clauses

Relative clauses. Relative clauses describe and provide information about something or someone that we have usually already specified. I like working with students who appreciate what I do.

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Relative clauses

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  1. Relative clauses • Relative clauses describe and provide information about something or someone that we have usually already specified. • I like working with students who appreciate what I do. • We use relative clauses in order to identify things or people and to distinguish them from other similar things. • Mancunians aren’t people who live in Manchester, they’re people who were born there.

  2. Defining relative clausesgive important information to identify the person or thing we are talking about. We don’t use a comma. • People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones. • Non-defining relative clauses give additional information about the person or thing we are talking about. We use a comma • Prof. Johnson, who I have long admired, is coming to visit us next week.

  3. RELATIVE PRONOUNSin defining relative clauses

  4. RELATIVE PRONOUNS in defining relative clauses

  5. RELATIVE PRONOUNSin non-defining relative clauses

  6. Relative pronounsThe following relative pronouns are used in defining relative clauses:

  7. 1. The relative pronoun stands in place of a noun. This noun usually appears earlier in the sentence:

  8. There are various ways of supplying more information about a noun in English. Frequently we use adjectives (e.g: a helpful teacher) and often other nouns (e.g: a university teacher). Relative clauses are another very common way of supplying more specific information about a noun referring to a person, thing or group, e.g: • The teacher who looked after our class today doesn’t normally work here.The flowers that I bought yesterday have already died.The book which she is referring to is no longer published. • In the examples the relative clauses are underlined. As the examples show, relative clauses are most commonly positioned immediately after the noun that they refer to, and often begin with a relative pronoun such as who, that or which. Who is used to refer to people, which is used to refer to things, and that is used to refer to people or things. Relative pronouns do not have masculine, feminine or plural forms. A relative pronoun like who or that can be used to refer to a man, a woman or a group of people, e.g: • I met a woman/man who lives near your sister.Do you know the young boy/girl that offered you a seat?They were the builders who fitted our kitchen. • Relative clauses can also be used after some pronouns. They are quite common after indefinite pronouns such as something, someone, anything, anyone, everything and everyone, e.g: • Anna is someone that I really admire.Is there anyone who knows how this machine works?Everyone who has worked with her will miss her very much. • Relative clauses are also sometimes used after words like some, many, much, all, or those which can function as pronouns, e.g: • Like many who were taking the exam, I felt very nervous.A small bar of chocolate was all that we had to eat.

  9. 2. Who, whom and which can be replaced by that. This is very common in spoken English. • 3. The relative pronoun can be omitted (ø) when it is the object of the clause: • The mouse that the elephant loved was very beautiful.OR • The mouse the elephant loved was very beautiful. • Both of these sentences are correct, though the second one is more common in spoken English. • Ex. WHO

  10. whose Whose is used for things as well as for people. Examples:The man whose car was stolen.A tree whose leaves have fallen. whom Whom is very formal and is only used in written English. You can use who/that, or omit the pronoun completely : The doctor whom/who/that/ø I was hoping to see wasn't on duty.

  11. that • That normally follows words like something, anything, everything, nothing, all, and superlatives. • Examples: • There's somethingthat you should know. • It was the best film that I've ever seen. • Examples: • A clown is someone who makes you laugh. • An elephant is an animal that lives in hot countries. • The plums that were in the fridgewere delicious. I have eaten them. • Where are the plums (that) I put in the fridge? • Has anyone seen the book I was reading? • Nothing that anyone does can replace my lost bag. • Let's go to a country where the sun always shines. • They live in the house whose roof is full of holes.

  12. Where do they come in sentences? • They usually come immediately after what they qualify • People who know different foreign languages make better language teachers. • When the relative pronoun is the subject of the relative clause the word order is subject+verb+object • He showed me the rocks which he had collected. • When the relative pronoun is the object the word order is object+subject+verb • The bus came at last, which was an enormous relief.

  13. SAVE THE LAST DANCE FOR ME Michael Bublè You can dance-every dance with the guyWho gives you the eye,let him hold you tightYou can smile-every smile for the manWho held your hand neath the pale moon lightBut don't forget who's takin' you homeAnd in whose arms you're gonna beSo darlin' save the last dance for meOh I know that the music's fineLike sparklin' wine,go and have your funLaugh and sing,but while we're apartDon't give your heart to anyoneBut don't forget who's takin' you homeAnd in whose arms you're gonna beSo darlin' save the last dance for meBaby don't you know I love you soCan't you feel it when we touchI will never never let you goI love you oh so muchYou can dance,go and carry onTill the night is goneAnd it's time to goIf he asks if you're all aloneCan he walk you home,you must tell him no'Cause don't forget who's taking you homeAnd in whose arms you're gonna beSo darling,save the last dance for me 'Cause don't forget who's taking you homeAnd in whose arms you're gonna beSo darling,save the last dance for meSave the last dance for meSave the last dance for me.

  14. Only one of the two sentences should have commas round the relative clause. Where should the comma go? • Arthur Grimes who is thirty painted ‘The Cherry Tree’ • The woman who lived next door was arrested last week. WHY??

  15. Identify the relative clauses in the following sentences a)That man who is sitting over there is an old friend of my father’s. b) The cars which are in front of the entrance must be removed immediately please. c) The person who gave you that information is an idiot. d) The other train that was cancelled was going to London.

  16. e) Mrs Stanley, whose parents had once lived in the village, Looked quickly at the pretty houses and decided she liked it there. f) Seven-year-old Roy, who had never been polite, rudely shouted .Be quiet’ as the old man was finishing the story.

  17. Activity Transform the two sentences into one. • I tried to help a child. The child was crying her eyes out. ………………………………………………… • I had to translate the whole text. Translating the whole text was difficult for me. ………………………………………………….

  18. Activity Transform the following noun phrases using relative pronouns. • Career information service • A motor car repair kit • A crime prevention officer • A computer virus protection program • A car insurance certificate

  19. Key to Activity 1 • A service which provides information about careers. • A kit which is used for repairing motor cars. • An officer who is responsible for preventing crime. • A program which protects computers from viruses. • A certificate which shows that your car is insured.

  20. Whose + noun • Michael, whose situation (the situation of which) I remember very well, didn’t come to the party. • it stands in place of a possessive form and can’t be omitted. • usually combines with the words that follow it.

  21. Relative clauses are similar in function to adjectives • I like working with students who appreciate what I do / with appreciative students.

  22. Who, which and that replaced by –ing and –ed forms. • The woman who is sitting on that bench looks ill. • The woman who was injured in the accident was going to work. • Can you transform these sentences replacing the relative pronouns?

  23. The woman sitting on the bench looks ill. • Use the –ing form when you want to describe someone’s actions. • The woman injured in the accident was going to work. • The –ed forms are passive.

  24. Prepositions + relative pronouns • In formal style we usually put a preposition before the relative pronoun and we use whom instead of who. • The office to which Graham took us was filled with books • In less formal style we usually put the preposition at the end of the relative clause. • The office that Graham took us to was fille dwith books

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