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EXPERIMENTS WITH LARGE GAMMA DETECTOR ARRAYS Lecture I. Ranjan Bhowmik Inter University Accelerator Centre New Delhi -110067. Why do we study nuclear spectroscopy ?. Nucleus is a many-body quantum mechanical system Effective n-n interaction short range, spin, isospin, density dependent
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EXPERIMENTS WITH LARGE GAMMA DETECTOR ARRAYSLecture I Ranjan Bhowmik Inter University Accelerator Centre New Delhi -110067
Why do we study nuclear spectroscopy ? • Nucleus is a many-body quantum mechanical system • Effective n-n interaction • short range, spin, isospin, density dependent • nucleon motion described by a mean field • excited states strongly dependent on the nature of mean field • single particle vs collective excitation • Knowledge of excited states essential to understand the nature of mean field Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
Mean Fields in nuclei • Closed shell nuclei : spherical • Mid-shell nuclei : • deformed • Mean field strongly affected by excitation and rotation • Need to study as a function of N,Z,I,E* Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
Experimental Observables • Wave function overlap • Transition probability • Life time • Branching ratio • Quadrupole moment • Magnetic moment • Excitation energy , spin, parity Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
Methods of Excitation • Radioactive decay : Limited in excitation energy • Direct Reactions: (p,p'), (p,n), (p,d), (p,t), (p,a), (a,a') • limited -transfer • Coulomb excitation: Collective 2+,3- states • Higher levels through multiple Coulomb Excitation • Fusion-evaporation: Non-selective; predominantly xn • high spin levels populated Neutron-deficient nuclei • Deep-inelastic: Wide-range of nuclei, limited E*,J Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
Gamma Spectroscopy • Charge Particle spectroscopy: • E* obtained from Q-value • Resolution 10-100 keV • -transfer from angular distribution • Gamma spectroscopy: • Energy difference measured • Eg measured with 0.1-0.5 KeV • Change in I,p measured • Levels of similar energy but different decay path identified Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
Progress in g-spectroscopy NIM25(1963)185 • 1950: NaI detectors • Limited resolution • 50 keV @ 661 keV • 1962 : • Li-drifted Ge detector • volume 1cc • 1% photopeak efficiency • resolution 6 keV @ 1332 keV • 1970: • g-g coincidence 2keV @ 1332 keV • 1990: • Large multi-detector array Ge(Li) NaI Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
Progress in g-spectroscopy Nucl. Phys. 46 (1963) 210 Nucl. Phys. A219(1974)543 g-band -ve parity band gs-band 162Dy Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
Progress in g-spectroscopy • Large increase in sensitivity due to high-fold coincidence data Nucl. Phys. A389(1982)218 Nucl. Phys. A764(2006)42 160Gd(a,2n)162Dy Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
Complete Spectroscopy of 162Dy Nucl. Phys. A764(2006)42 Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
Topics to be covered • Fusion Dynamics: g-Multiplicity • Large Gamma Arrays: Instrumentation • Data Acquisition & analysis • Assignment of spin & parity • Measurement of nuclear lifetimes • g-factor, Quadrupole moment, & other topics Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
Reading Material • IN-BEAM GAMMA-RAY SPECTROSCOPY, H. Morinaga & T. Yamazaki, North Holland Publishing Company, 1976 • Large Arrays of Escape-suppressed Gamma Ray Detectors,P.J. Nolan et al, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 45(1994)561 • Experimental methods of Nuclear Spectroscopy: High Spin States, R.K. Bhowmik in Structure of Atomic Nuclei, ed. L. Satpathy, Narosa Publishing House, 1999 • Nuclear Structure Experiments I, Pragya Das in Mean Field Description of nuclei, ed. Y.K. Gambhir, Narosa Publishing House, 2006 • http://www.ph.surrey.ac.uk/~phs1pr/lecture_notes/nuc_expt_phr03.pdf Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
FUSION REACTION • AP(NP,ZP) + AT(NT,ZT) AC*(NC,ZC) • NC = NP + NT ; ZC = ZP + ZT • Ecm =Elab *AT/(AP+AT) • EC* = Elab - (MC - MP -MT)c2 Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
Fusion Dynamics V(r) = Vnucl(r) + Vc(r) + V(r) • Barrier described by RB, VB • Max. given by maxħ= • [2m(Ecm -VB)]½.RB • <> 2/3 max • Fusion xsec: • f = 2 (2+1)T • = RB2 [1-VB/Ecm] Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
DECAY OF COMPOUND NUCLEUS • Decay of thecompound nucleus depends on level density distribution w(E*) ~exp(E*/T) • Effective temperature T ~ (E*/a)½ • The evaporated particles have an energy distribution N(E) (E-C) exp(-E/T) • Mean energy carried away by particles B+C+2T • For heavy nuclei, charged particle emission is suppressed due to Coulomb Barrier C; neutron emission preferred • Cooling of a nucleus at high spin brings it closer to Yrast line Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
Decay of compound nucleus • 36S+124Sn at 150 MeV • Ecm = 116.2 MeV • E*(160Dy) = 67.0 MeV • RB = 10.9 F • VB = 94.3 MeV • max = 58 • T* ~ 2 MeV • f = 700 mb Reduced level density at high spin w(E*, J) ~ (2J+1) w(E*-Erot, J=0) Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
Angular Momentum Balance • Particles carry away very little angular momentum • n ~ 15% of <> • Nuclei close to Yrast line would preferably decay by g-emission • Statistical gamma emission • Ns ~ 4 • s ~ 0.6 ħ /photon • Nc transitions along and parallel to Yrast line • c ~ 2ħ /photon for deformed nuclei • Mg = Ns +Nc PR157(1967)814 Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
Fusion Gamma Multiplicity • Entrance Channel Spin • Ig = f (Mg - d) • Large spread of f, d in different mass regions • f ~ 1.5 -2 • d ~ 1.5 - 3.3 • Need to be calibrated from g multiplicity data taken well above barrier PRC21(1980)230 Yb nuclei Ig = 2(Mg -2) Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
Channel Selection • High J nuclei decay by 3n • Low J nuclei decay by 5n • 3n,4n,5n events have different g-multiplicity • Subsequent g-decay along the band • Higher Mg selection would enhance the contribution from high spin states Number of particles emitted strongly dependent on initial spin Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
Spin Distribution in Fusion • Intensity distribution within a band enhanced to higher J at higher bombarding energy and with heavier projectile • s (J) described by Fermi Function [1+exp(J-J0)/a]-1 Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
Dependence on g-multiplicity distribution • Spin distribution parameters J0,a sensitive to the reaction mechanism • Distribution shifts to lower spin with more particles evaporated • Can be used to study reaction mechanism i.e. incomplete fusion at high bombarding energies Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
Excitation Function • Statistical codesfor residual nucleus yield: • PACE2, CASCADE • Sensitive to transmission coeff and level density parameters • Charged particle emission important for • highly neutron-deficient nuclei (reduced Sp) • A < 100 (lower barrier) Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
EXPERIMENT PLANNING • Select P,T for the required compound nucleus • Calculate theoretical excitation function for the required residual nucleus • Heavier P & higher Elab to enhance high spin states • g Multiplicity gate for high spin selection • Charged particle, neutron gate for channel selection • Thin target ( ~ 1mg/cm2) to minimize recoil energy spread in target • Backed target for minimizing Doppler shift • Stacked targets ( ~ 3x 300mg/cm2) to minimize Doppler broadening - Doppler correction in software Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
Measurement of g-Multiplicity • Array of photon detectors: • NaI or BGO array high detection efficiency for Eg < 2 MeV • BGO detectors compact & less sensitive to scattering & neutron events • small number of gating detectors for suppressing low multiplicity events • <Mg> = 1+ Ncoinc/(WNsingles) 3"x3" NaI PRC31(1985)1752 Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
BGO Multiplicity array for GDA • 14 Element BGO array • Detection efficiency ~ 20% • Broad Multiplicity distribution Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
High Efficiency Mg Array • N = total no of detectors • K = no of detectors hit • eW = total detection efficiency • M = Photon multiplicity • P(K) = K-fold hit probability TESSA Array of 62 BGO detectors W = 95% of 4p Nucl. Phys. A245(1975)166 Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
Large g-Multiplicity Array • Hydelberg Crystal Ball • 4pg array of NaI detectors • 4p array of photon detectors • Number of hits per event recorded • Hit pattern sensitive to higher moments of Mg distribution • Can distinguish between xn and (x+1)n channels event by event Nucl. Phys. A409 (1983)331c Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
Dependence of xn on (E*,J) • Hydelberg Crystal Ball • 4pg array of NaI detectors • 4n and 5n channels can be separatedby either • total photo energy ET • total no of detectors hit • improved cleanup with gates on both ET, K Nucl. Phys. A409(1983)331c Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
Multiplicity Gate • Heidelberg Crystal ball • Good separation of 4n & 5n channels on the basis of double gate on Sum Energy & Fold • Back-bending at high spin ! Nucl. Phys. A409(1983)331c Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
BGO Innerball at GASP • 80 BGO crystals covering 80% of 4p • Polyhedron with 122 faces • 40 opening for GE-ACS • Individual detector (65 mm) efficiency 95% @ 1 MeV • Total photopeak detection efficiency ~70% • Read-out of the crystal with PMT : individual E & T Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
GASP BGO Ball • Active collimator in front of Ge-ACS detectors • 100% detection efficiency for fusion events • Suppression of unwanted channels R ~ 2-4 Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
Inner BGO ball at G.A.S.P. ACS BGO BALL Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006
Summary • Improvement in detector technology has allowed very weakly populated channels to be investigated • Select projectile-target combination to optimize population of levels of interest • Heavier beam & higher bombarding energy help to populate high spin states • Channels with a small number of particles emitted would be preferable to channels with high particle multiplicity • Higher total photon energy & photon multiplicity can be used to select entry point spin • A high efficiency photon multiplicity filter is an effective tool for channel selection Lecture I SERC-06 School 13/2/06 - 2/3/006