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Chapter 6: Environmental Considerations

Chapter 6: Environmental Considerations. What is hyperthermia? Elevated body temperature. How does the physiological processes in the body continue to function? As long as body temperature is maintained within normal limits.

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Chapter 6: Environmental Considerations

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  1. Chapter 6:Environmental Considerations

  2. What is hyperthermia? • Elevated body temperature

  3. How does the physiological processes in the body continue to function? • As long as body temperature is maintained within normal limits

  4. Maintenance of normal temperature in a hot environment depends on what? • The ability of the body to dissipate heat

  5. Heat can be gained or lost through what five processes? • Metabolic heat production • Conductive heat exchange • Convective heat exchange • Radiant heat exchange • Evaporative

  6. What is metabolic heat production? • Production and radiation of heat under it’s natural power; thermoregulatory

  7. What is conductive heat exchange? • Physical contact with other objects can result in either a heat loss or heat gain

  8. What is convective heat exchange? • Body heat can either be lost or gained depending on the temperature of the circulating medium

  9. What is radiant heat exchange? • Radiant heat from sunshine causes an increase in body temperature

  10. What is evaporative heat loss? • Sweat glands in the skin allow water to be transported to the surface, where it evaporates, taking large quantities of heat with it

  11. How much water can a normal person sweat off in one to two hours? • One quart

  12. Does sweating cause heat loss? • No

  13. What must happen to sweat in order for heat to dissipate? • Sweat must evaporate

  14. In order for evaporation to occur, what must the air be relatively free of? • Water

  15. When is heat loss through evaporation severely impaired? • When relative humidity reaches 65%

  16. When does heat loss through evaporation virtually stop? • When relative humidity reaches 75%

  17. What is heat rash? • A benign condition associated with a red, raised rash accompanied by sensations of prickling and tingling during sweating. • It usually occurs when the skin is continually wet with un-evaporated sweat.

  18. What is heat syncope? • Associated with rapid physical fatigue during overexposure to heat (pass out)

  19. How is heat syncope relieved? • By laying the athlete down in a cool environment • Replacing fluids

  20. What are heat cramps? • Extremely painful muscle spasms • Occurs mainly in the calf and abdomen

  21. What are heat cramps related to? • Excessive loss of water and several electrolytes or ions, which are essential elements in muscle contraction

  22. What is the immediate treatment for heat cramps? • Ingestion of large quantities of water • Mild stretching with ice massage

  23. What is heat exhaustion? • Inadequate replacement of fluids lost through sweating

  24. What are the signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion? • Collapse • Profuse sweating • Pale skin • Mildly elevated temperature (102ºF) • Hyperventilation • Rapid pulse

  25. What is the immediate treatment for heat exhaustion? • Ingestion and eventually intravenous replacement of large quantities of water • Place in cool environment

  26. What is heat stroke? • Serious, life-threatening emergency. • The specific cause is unknown • Breakdown of the thermoregulatory system

  27. What are the signs and symptoms for heat stroke? • Sudden collapse with loss of consciousness • Flushed, hot skin • Little sweating • Shallow breathing • Rapid strong pulse • Core temperature greater than (106º) • Breakdown of the thermoregulatory mechanism.

  28. What is the immediate treatment for heat stroke? • Cool environment • Sponge with cool water • Fan with a towel • Get to the hospital

  29. What does prevention of hyperthermia involve? • Gradual acclimatization • Identification of susceptible individuals • Lightweight uniforms • Routine record keeping • Unrestricted fluid replacement • Well-balanced diet • Routine temperature and humidity readings

  30. What is hypothermia? • Lowered body temperatures

  31. What will easily predispose an athlete to hypothermia? Combination of • Cold • Wind • Dampness

  32. What are the cold injuries included in sport? • Frostnip • Frostbite

  33. What is frost nip? • Exposure to damp, freezing cold involving ears, nose, cheeks, chin, fingers, and toes • Commonly occurs when there is wind, severe cold, or both.

  34. What is the treatment of frost nip? • Firm, sustained pressure of the hands without rubbing • Blowing hot breath on the spot • Placing the area in the armpits

  35. What is frost bite? • Exposure to dry temperatures well below freezing Three forms of frost bite: • Chilbains • results from prolonged and constant exposure to cold for many hours. • Superficial frostbite • involves only the skin and subcutaneous tissue. • Deep frostbite • is a serious injury indicating tissues that are frozen

  36. What is the treatment for frostbite? • Rapid re-warming is required! • Hot drinks • Heating pads • Hot water bottles that are 100º to 110º F • During re-warming, the tissue will become blotchy red, swollen, and extremely painful • Later, the injury may become gangrenous, causing a loss of tissue

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