Drug Education

1. Drug Education

2. Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs • What is a Drug? • The text defines a drug as any chemical substance that changes normal body functions in some way. • Medicines – Drugs used to help cure and treat illnesses. Usually Prescriptions are required, but sometimes bought Over The Counter. • Legal vs. Illegal Drugs • Caffeine Heroine • Energy Drinks Cocaine • Tobacco Methamphetamine • Alcohol Marijuana

3. Way of use • Drug Use – the use of any drug • Drug Misuse – using drugs for a purposes not intended for • Drug Abuse – excessive use of any drug

4. Using, Misusing, Abusing Drug Misuse • The use of drugs for a purpose which it was NOT intended • Examples: • Using someone else’s prescription drug • Excessive use of ANY drug • Examples: • Alcohol • Caffeine • Illicit drugs Drug Abuse

5. Route of Administration Topical – absorbed through the skin Subcutaneous – injected directly under the skin Intramuscular – injected into the muscle Nasal – inhaled through the nose and absorbed through mucus membranes Intravenous – Injected into your veins Orally – taken through swallowing or absorbing through saliva glands

6. Prescription vs Over-the-Counter • Prescription Drugs must be advised by a doctor for a specific medical condition. They are typically stronger, and you need a note to receive them from a pharmacist • Over-the-Counter Drugs are more generic, cheaper, and available all the time. They are typically less strong, and can treat a variety of aliments instead of being specific to one

7. Who can and cannot write prescriptions? • Doctors • Psychiatrists • Ophthalmologists • Dentists • Surgeons • Physicians Assistants • D.O’s • Nurses • Chiropractors • Psychologists • Pharmacists • Dental Hygienists

8. Signs of Drug Abuse • Personality • Becomes disrespectful • Mood swings • Paranoid/Confused • Depressed/more reserved • Secretive/Lies • Stealing/”losing” possessions • Has lots of money/always asking for money • Withdraws (family, friends, activities)

9. Signs of Drug Abuse • Physical Appearance • Not taking care of themselves • Not sleeping/sleeping all the time • Loss of appetite • Weight loss/Weight gain • Too much energy/Too little energy

10. Signs of Drug Abuse • Social Activity/School Performance • Drops old friends/activities • Skipping school • Loses interest in school/low grades • Sleeping in class • Loses concentration • Trouble remembering things

11. Top 10 misused drugs today • Tobacco (400,000 deaths a year) • Alcohol: most widely abused legal substance • Prescription Drugs: dangerously addictive, rising in popularity • Meth: labeled as an epidemic problem • MDMA (ecstasy): little research on long term effects

12. Top 10 continued • Crack Cocaine: fairly inexpensive • Heroin: Highly addictive, making comeback • Steroids: Horrible side effects • Inhalants: commonly used in youth • Marijuana

13. Tobacco • Tobacco – Comes from the plants of the genus Nicotiana. Leaves from the plant contain a drug Nicotine. • What are the different forms of Tobacco? • Cigars, Cigarettes, Pipes, Hookahs • Smokeless Tobacco? • Chewing Tobacco, Snuff, Snus, and Dissolvable Products (New)

14. The numbers • 1964 the Surgeon General and Public Health Service labeled that smoking is a major health risk and causes cancer. • A study of college students reported that 26% smoked cigarettes. Among young adults the same age not in college, 44% smoked. • More people have died from cigarettes than the number of deaths from WWII and Vietnam combined, over 440,000 annually.

15. Smoking Deaths • A study in the Journal of American Medical Association stated that smoking causes more deaths each year that any other major risk factor: • HIV/AID 15,000 • Illicit Drugs use 17,000 • Firearms 29,000 • Motor Vehicle Crashes 43,000 • Alcohol 85,000 • Smoking 440,000

16. What is In Tobacco? • What is a carcinogen? • Cigarettes have nearly 70 carcinogens • Smokeless tobacco contains 28 carcinogens • Users of smokeless tobacco absorb 2-4 times more nicotine than cigarette smokers. • Tar, Carbon Monoxide, Nicotine, Acetone (removes nail polish), Polonium 210(radioactive nuclear waste), formaldehyde, benzene, cyanide (gas), hydrazine (used in rocket fuel), lead, arsenic (rat poison), nitrosamines (carcinogens)

17. Ingredients -Tar: This ingredient, which gives cigarettes flavor, is the same thick black substance used to pave roads and driveways. -Formaldehyde: This is the same stuff used to preserve dead animals, like the frogs dissected in some biology classes. -Cyanide: also a main ingredient in rat poison. -Lead: It's also found in some kinds of paint. -Acetone: a common ingredient in paint and nail polish remover. -Ammonia: Besides the fact that it's in many household cleaners, it's also in cigarettes. -Carbon monoxide: a common pollutant and the same stuff that escapes from the exhaust in cars. -Hydrazine: a chemical used in jets and rocket fuel. Vinyl Chloride: Makes PVC Cadmium: NiCad Batteries DDT/Dieldrin: Insecticides Ethanol: Alcohol Hexamine: Barbecue Lighter Methane: Swamp Gas Methanol: Rocket Fuel Nicotine: Insecticide, Addictive Drug Nitrobenzene: Gasoline Additive Nitrous Oxide Phenols : Disinfectant Stearic Acid: Candle Wax

18. Addiction • Many drug users have said tobacco is harder to quit than heroine or cocaine. • How many hits of nicotine does a pack a day smoker take in a year? 7,000 on average. This is more than any other drug! • Why is the brains reaction to nicotine make this drug more addictive than others? • Young people respond differently than adults, that makes then more likely to become addicted. (National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 2007b)

19. ETS – Environmental Tobacco Smoke • Secondhand Smoke: is smoke that comes from burning tobacco that goes into the air. There are two types of ETS smoke. • Mainstream Smoke: is smoke exhaled by the smokers. • Sidestream smoke: is the smoke from the end of the cigarette burning. • Which is more dangerous?

20. ETS Continued • Sidestream is more dangerous. Often mainstream smoke goes through a filter. Sidestream often has twice the amount of nicotine, and three times the amount of carbon monoxide. • Non smokers exposed to ETS at home or at work increase their risk of Heart Disease by 25-30%.(USDHHS, 2006)

21. Secondhand Smoke Secondhand smoke is a mixture of gases and fine particles that includes— Smoke from a burning cigarette, cigar, or pipe tip Smoke that has been exhaled or breathed out by the person or people smoking At least 250 toxic chemicals, including more than 50 that can cause cancer Most exposure to secondhand smoke occurs in homes and workplaces. Secondhand smoke exposure also continues to occur in public places such as restaurants, bars, and casinos and in private vehicles.

22. Tobacco Facts Tobacco use leads to disease and disability. Smoking causes cancer, heart disease, stroke, and lung diseases (including emphysema, bronchitis, and chronic airway obstruction). For every person who dies from a smoking-related disease, 20 more people suffer with at least one serious illness from smoking. Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death. Worldwide, tobacco use causes more than 5 million deaths per year In the United States, tobacco use is responsible for about one in five deaths annually On average, smokers die 13 to 14 years earlier than nonsmokers.

23. Effects of Tobacco • Short Term • Stained Teeth • Bad Breath • Shortness of Breath • Increased Coughing • Reduced blood flow • Allergy flare ups • Decreased sense of taste and smell • More colds, flu, and pneumonia • Long Term • Lung Cancer • COPD – Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease • Heart Disease • Emphysema • More women die from Lung cancer than Breast Cancer today. • Since 1950 lung cancer in women has increased 600%.

27. Tar "Tar" is the term used to describe the toxic chemicals found in cigarettes. The concentration of tar in a cigarette determines its rating.

28. Cigarette filters were first added to cigarettes in the 1950s when it was reported that the tar in cigarettes was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. The idea was that the filter would trap harmful tars and nicotine, but the design never worked as well as hoped. Toxins still make it through and into the smoker's lungs, exposing them to the risks of smoking-related disease. In solid form, tar is the brown, tacky substance that is left behind on the end of the cigarette filter. It stains a smoker's teeth and fingers brown and coats everything it touches with a brownish-yellow film.

29. Tar is present in all cigarettes and tends to increase as the cigarette is burnt down, which can mean that the last puffs on a cigarette may contain as much as twice the amount of tar as the first puffs. Tar in cigarette smoke paralyzes the cilia in the lungs, and contributes to lung diseases such as emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and lung cancer.

30. Tar from a year’s worth of smoking cigarettes

31. Carbon Monoxide Carbon monoxide (CO) is a poisonous, colorless and odorless gas that is produced as a result of incomplete burning of carbon-containing fuels. Cigarette smoke can contain high levels of CO. What Happens When CO is Inhaled: When inhaled, CO quickly binds with red blood cells in the lungs. This can affect the amount available for the transport of oxygen throughout the body

32. Nicotine Nicotine is an addictive drug. It causes changes in the brain that make people want to use it more and more. In addition, addictive drugs cause unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. The good feelings that result when an addictive drug is present — and the bad feelings when it's absent — make breaking any addiction very difficult. Nicotine addiction has historically been one of the hardest addictions to break.

33. Physical Effects – With in 10sec. • Heart Rate increases • Blood vessels constrict, raises blood pressure • Digestive tract works harder, leads to cramps • Use of Oxygen and breathing rate increases • Body Temp. goes down • Bronchial Tubes constrict

34. Physical Effects - Higher Doses • Dizziness • Faintness • Rapid pulse • Cold clammy skin • Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea

35. Costs • The cigarette industry spends billions each year on advertising and promotions.5 • $12.5 billion total spent in 2006 • $34 million spent a day in 2006 • Tobacco use costs the United States billions of dollars each year. • Cigarette smoking costs more than $193 billion • Secondhand smoke costs more than $10 billion • Thousands of young people and adults begin smoking every day. • Each day, about 1,000 persons younger than 18 years of age begin smoking on a daily basis. • Each day, about 1,800 adults 18 years of age or older begin smoking on a daily basis. • Many adult smokers want or try to quit smoking. • Approximately 70% of smokers want to quit completely. • Approximately 45% of smokers try to quit each year.

36. Respiratory Disease Smoking causes lung diseases (e.g., emphysema, bronchitis, chronic airway obstruction) by damaging the airways and alveoli (i.e., small air sacs) of the lungs. Smoking causes lung cancer.

38. Cancers Smoking causes the following cancers: Acute leukemia Bladder cancer Cancer of the cervix Cancer of the esophagus Kidney cancer Cancer of the larynx (voice box) Lung cancer Cancer of the oral cavity (mouth) Cancer of the pharynx (throat) Stomach cancer Cancer of the uterus

39. COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a life-threatening lung disease that interferes with normal breathing – it is more than a “smoker’s cough”. The primary cause of COPD is tobacco smoke (through tobacco use or second-hand smoke). An estimated 210 million people have COPD worldwide. More than 3 million people died of COPD in 2005, which is equal to 5% of all deaths globally that year. COPD is not curable, but treatment can slow the progress of the disease.

41. Special Risks for Teens • Young people respond to nicotine differently than adults. • They have stronger cravings, get addicted faster, and have a harder time quitting • Nicotine also causes changes in the structure and chemical make-up of the young brain • More brain receptors for nicotine • Increases dopamine levels – linked to mood/sleep • Potential to experience a stronger liking and craving for other drugs • Less serotonin • Other mental health problems • Damaged and lost brain cells

42. Tobacco Facts • In Minnesota • 6,120 people die every year from tobacco and second-hand smoke • Each year, smoking costs $2.06 billion in direct health care • 22.4% of high school students and 20% of adults smoke • 100% of workplaces, bars, and restaurants are smoke free • In the US • Big Tobacco spends more than $15.4 billion on marketing • Each year, smoking costs $96.7 billion in direct health care • 23% of high school students and 20.9% of adults smoke • In the World • 5 million people will die from tobacco related illnesses each year

43. More Facts • In Minnesota • Kids (under 18) who become new daily smokers each year – 7,500 • Kids exposed to second-hand smoke at home – 282,000 • Packs of cigarettes bought or smoked by kids each year – 13.7 million • In the US • Kids (under 18) who become new regular, daily smokers each day – 1,000+ • Packs of cigarettes consumed by kids each year – 800 million

44. Homework Assignment • The average pack of cigarettes in Minnesota $ 7.25. • What would you spend during a month if you smoked a pack a week? • What would you spend in 3 months if you smoked 2 packs a week? • What would you spend in a month if you smoked a pack a day? • What would you spend if you smoked a pack a day for a whole year? • The average pack of cigarettes in New York (1st) costs $11.90. • What would you spend if you smoked two packs a week for a year? • What would you rather spend the money on if you decided to quit smoking over the course of a year?

45. Drug Categories • Stimulants • Narcotics • Hallucinogens • Depressants • Inhalants • Tobacco • Marijuana • Ecstasy/MDMA

46. Stimulants • Speed up mental and physical processes in the body • Examples: • Methamphetamine • Cocaine & Crack • Amphetamine • Tobacco • Caffeine

47. Meth • Lethal • Addictive • Unpredictable • Cardiovascular problems • Crystal Meth (ice)-higher purity, smoked, effects last 12 or more hours • Every pound of meth leaves 5-7 pounds of TOXIC waste • Chemicals can contaminate water, kill livestock, destroy land, leave land uninhabitable • High cost to clean up meth labs ($5,000-$150,000+)

48. How Is Crystal Meth Used? • Usually crystal meth is smoked in glass pipes, similar to how crack cocaine is used. • It may be injected (either dry or dissolved in water), snorted or swallowed.

49. Why Is Crystal Meth Used? • Females often take crystal meth because it can cause extremely rapid weight loss. However, the effects are short term. The body builds up a tolerance to the drug so weight loss tapers off and stops around six weeks after taking the drug. • Also, weight that is lost is regained once a person stops taking methamphetamine. • Some people take meth because of the long-lasting high that it gives. Methamphetamine causes numerous neurotransmitters to be released in the brain, producing a sense of euphoria that may last as long as 12 hours, depending on how the drug was taken. • Methamphetamine is popular as a stimulant. As a stimulant, methamphetamine improves concentration, energy, and alertness while decreasing appetite and fatigue.

50. Common Immediate Effects • Euphoria • Increased energy and alertness • Diarrhea and nausea • Excessive sweating • Loss of appetite, insomnia, tremors, jaw-clenching • Agitation, irritability, talkativeness, panic, compulsive fascination with repetitive tasks, violence, confusion • Increased libido • Increased blood pressure, body temperature, heart rate, blood sugar levels, bronchodilation • Constriction of the walls of the arterties • In pregnant and nursing women, methampetamine crosses the placenta and is secreted in breast milk