Resilience profiles 2018: initial observations FROM 7 Candidate Partnership Areas (CPAS)

1. Partnership for Recovery and Resilience Resilience profiles 2018:initial observations FROM 7 Candidate Partnership Areas (CPAS) Understanding the state of Resilience Capacity, Institutional Architecture, And Social Capital.

2. PILLAR 1: TRUST IN INSTITUTIONS AND PEOPLE

3. Traditional Chiefs are cited as most important in Bor, Aweil, Yambio, Torit, followed by the Paramount chief. • Only in Rumbek, the Paramount Chief is cited as most important followed by the Traditional Chiefs. • Local Governments are also commonly cited as second most important institutions after the Chieftaincy. Major institutions Traditional institutions and local governments are the cornerstones of all these communities.

4. Chiefs settle disputes across CPAs. In Yambio, Rumbek and Bor, their role is also largely administration of land. Across CPAs, the Chiefs help maintain rule of law. In Rumbek and Aweil they also collect taxes. Social safety net and humanitarian affairs are far less pronounced roles. Chiefs only perform cultural rituals in a few of the CPAs. the chief(s) the chief(s)serve core functions including public financial management, rule of law and dispute resolution.

5. Overall, respondents have more trust in chiefs than political leaders across areas. However, in Yambio, Bor, Torit and Yei there is greater confidence, and in Rumbek, Aweil and Wau more ambivalence. chiefs and politicians Across areas, chiefs are most trusted. However, some communities show more ambivalence. These areas are clustered in bahr el ghazal.

6. Almost all conflicts are solved by dialogue. Most often by the Traditional Leaders. In Yei, Aweil and Yambio, the UN played a significant role. In Yambio, Bor and to a lesser extent Torit, the FBO played a role; in Yambio, Torit and Bor also Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms were used. In Rumbek and Bor the Police played a role; judiciary is present but weak across CPAs How Conflict has been resolved Conflict resolution is a resilience capacity that involves cooperation among institutions centered on dialogue. While differing by CPA, it is always rooted in the elders and traditional leaders. However, newer entrants include UN, police and faith-based organizations.

7. Almost 40% in Rumbek say they had experienced conflict before independence. In Bor, almost 35% In Awiel, Torit and Wau, between 10%– 20% In Yambio and Yei, less than 5% In the last 12 months, Yambio and Yei show more conflict and other areas show less. Before 2011 Ethnic conflict last 12 months Presence of conflict Pre-independence war affected dinka areas more, and particularly in bahr el ghazal. However, south sudan’s civil war has affected equatoria more.

8. In Torit, Yambio and Yei, between 40% - 55% believe some people benefit from war In Wau and Bor, 30% - 40% believe some people benefit from war In Aweil and Rumbek, less than 25% believe some people benefit from war Conflict – do people benefit Marked differences in people’s perception of who benefitted from the war reflect the war time alliances

9. In Rumbek and Yambio , 70 % - 90 % of conflicts were resolved In Bor, Torit, Wau and Yei between 60% to 80% of conflicts were not resolved A majority across CPAs see forest as a driver of conflict except in Yambio Only in Yambio did less than 50% see forest as a driver. Except in Rumbek and Torit, there is a high perception that oil is fueling conflict Was conflict resolved What causes conflict Conflict has been resolved Communities see oil nationally, and forests locally as conflict drivers. Perceptions also reflect political alignments.

10. Patriarchal society, elite patronage and elite politics are not seen to play a big role in conflict. Only in Bor and Yambio do over 20% of respondents express concerns about elite politics. Those two locations also ranked highest for trust in chiefs and lowest for trust in politicians. Conflict drivers Of all causes, the least significant at a community level are patriarchy, elitism and patronage

11. With the exception of Aweil, over 30% of respondents across all CPAs consider unemployment as a significant driver of conflict. Respondents cite weak conflict resolution mechanisms at a rate of below 30% except for Bor where their concern reaches 40%. Unemployment is commonly seen as an important driver of conflict. Conflict - causes

12. All CPAs cite tribalism as an important conflict driver. The main drivers of conflict perceived by the community is lack of rule of law, availability of fire arms and tribalism. Conflict - causes

13. A majority in all CPAs – between 50-90% said lack of trust was a bottleneck to conflict resolution A majority in all CPAs – between 50 % - 75% said dishonesty among parties In Yambio and Yei, 45% - 55% mentioned external influences Very few people said greed by politicians Conflict bottlenecks Bottlenecks of trust more so than greed are considered to drive conflict. Within the social contract such trust accrues along ethnic bonds, inter-communal bridges and state-society links within the institutional architecture.

14. Bor, Torit, Wau, Yei and Yambio all have a mix of criminal activities. Rumbek and Aweil report the least crime, except in the case of robbery in Rumbek. crimes There are significant variations in criminal offenses across areas, which need to be better understood in terms of what factors are driving crime. There appears possible correlation with markets and locations most affected by the civil war.

15. Teen pregnancy is reported to be most prevalent in Torit, Bor, Wau, and Yei. Prostitution is reported to be most prevalent in Bor, Yei, and Yambio. Rape is reported to be most prevalent Bor, Yei and Yambio. Rumbek and Aweil report the least gender-related problems. Gender related problems appear most severe where civil war was most severe. It also aligns with areas of greater market activity. Gender-RELATED SOCIAL PROBLEMS

16. Alcoholism is high and most prevalent in Torit, Bor, Yei and Wau. Substance abuse was reported as a problem in Bor and Yei. Domestic violence is common, and worst in Torit, Bor, and Yei. Child abuse is common, and worst in Torit, Bor, Yei and Yambio. Rumbek and Aweil display the least prevalence of domestic problems. Domestic problems appear most severe where south sudan’s civil war war was most severe. Correlations between these variables and trauma may be useful. Domestic problems

17. The most cooperation is reported within community (bonding) Intercommunal Cooperation (bridging) is weak but more so in Torit and Yei and strongest in Rumbek, Wau and Aweil. State-society (linking) is weakest in Torit and Yei and strongest in Bor, Rumbek and Yambio Social capital along the bonds, bridges and links differ within and between areas. This indicates different levels of functionality of institutional architecture and social contracts. Social capital across all assets

18. For agriculture, inter-community cooperation (bonding) is relatively strong State-society cooperation (linking) is moderate Inter-communal cooperation (bridging) is moderate but weakest in Torit and Yei. For forests, bonding is strong in Torit and Bor, moderate in Aweil and Yambio, and weakest in Wau, Yei and Rumbek. Bridging is only moderate in Wau and weak elsewhere, especially Torit, Wau and Yei. Linking is only moderate in Bor, but weak elsewhere, with conflict in Torit, Yei and Rumbek. Agriculture forest Agriculture drives more cooperation than forests, which seem to drive more conflict. Cooperation – agriculture and forests

19. Except in Bor and Torit where bonding around land is high, there is only weak intra-communal cooperation. Cooperation significantly drops when land is considered inter-communally (bridging). When the state is involved, land becomes a driver of conflict. Markets show strong inter-communal bonding across areas except Wau where cooperation is moderate. For bridging, markets continue to promote moderate inter-communal cooperation except in Torit and Yei. In terms of state-society cooperation, markets promote mostly moderate cooperation but strong in Aweil and Bor. land markets Land and forests show much less cooperation than agricultural production and markets. This reflects a dysfunction at the level of management of productive assets, and specifically the natural resources. It requires harmonization of customary and statutory law and increased enforcement of the rule of law. Cooperation – land and market