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3. Chapter 1 The Science of Life Table of Contents Section 1 The World of Biology Section 2 Themes in Biology Section 3 The Study of Biology Section 4 Tools and Techniques

4. Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Objectives • Relatethe relevance of biology to a person’s daily life. • Describethe importance of biology in human society. • Listthe characteristics of living things. • Summarizethe hierarchy of organization within complex multicellular organisms. • Distinguishbetween homeostasis and metabolism and between growth, development, and reproduction.

5. Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Biology and You • Biology and Society • Biologyis the study of life and can be used to both solve societal problems and explain aspects of our daily lives.

6. Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Biology

7. Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life • Living things share the same 7 characteristics: organization and cells, response to stimuli, homeostasis, metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, and evolution.

8. Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 The Seven Properties of Life • Cellular organization • Reproduction • Metabolism • Homeostasis • Heredity • Responsiveness • Growth and development

9. Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life, continued • Organization and Cells • Organization is the high degree of order within an organism’s internal and external parts and in its interactions with the living world. • A cell is the smallest unit of an organism that can perform all life’s processes.

10. Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life, continued • Organization and Cells • Multicellularorganisms are made up of many cells and show a hierarchy of organization going from the organism to the atom.

11. Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life, continued • Response to Stimuli • Another characteristic of life is that an organism can respond to a stimulus—a physical or chemical change in the internal or external environment.

12. Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life, continued • Homeostasis • All living things have mechanisms that allow them to maintain stable internal conditions. Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions even though environmental conditions are constantly changing.

13. Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life, continued • Metabolism • Metabolismis the sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment.

14. Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life, continued • Growth and Development • The growth of living things results from the division and enlargement of cells. • Developmentis the process by which an organism becomes a mature adult.

15. Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life, continued • Reproduction • Living organisms pass on hereditary information from parents to offspring, also calledreproduction.

16. Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Heredity

17. Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life, continued • Change Through Time • Populations of living organisms evolve or change through time.

18. Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Evolution

19. Section 2 Themes in Biology Chapter 1 Objectives • Identifythree important themes that help explain the living world. • Explainhow life can be diverse, yet unified. • Describehow living organisms are interdependent. • Summarizewhy evolution is an important theme in biology.

20. Section 2 Themes in Biology Chapter 1 Diversity and Unity of Life • Unity in the Diversity of Life • Life is so diverse,or full of variety. Yet, life is also characterized by unity, or features that all living things have in common.

21. Section 2 Themes in Biology Chapter 1 Diversity and Unity of Life, continued • Unity in the Diversity of Life • The tree of life shows that all living things have descended with modification from a single common ancestor. Yet, there are many different lineages, or branches, representing different species.

22. Section 2 Themes in Biology Chapter 1 Phylogenetic Diagram of Living Organisms

23. Section 2 Themes in Biology Chapter 1 Diversity and Unity of Life, continued • Three Domains of Life • The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. • The six kingdoms include Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

24. Section 2 Themes in Biology Chapter 1 Interdependence of Organisms • Organisms live in interdependent communities and interact with both organisms and the environment.

25. Section 2 Themes in Biology Chapter 1 Evolution of Life • Evolution, or descent with modification, is the process in which the inherited characteristics within populations change over generations. • Evolution helps to explain how species came to exist, have changed over time, and adapt to their environment.

26. Section 2 Themes in Biology Chapter 1 Evolution of Life, continued • Natural Selection • Natural selectionis a process by which organisms that have certain favorable traits are better able to survive and reproduce successfully than organisms that lack these traits. • Natural selection can lead to the evolution of populations.

27. Section 2 Themes in Biology Chapter 1 Natural Selection

28. Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Objectives • Outlinethe main steps in the scientific method. • Summarizehow observations are used to form hypotheses. • Listthe elements of a controlled experiment. • Describehow scientists use data to draw conclusions. • Comparea scientific hypothesis and a scientific theory. • Statehow communication in science helps prevent dishonesty and bias.

29. Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Science as a Process • Steps of the Scientific Method • The scientific method involves making observations, asking questions, forming hypotheses, making predictions, designing experiments, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.

30. Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Scientific Processes • Collecting observations • Asking questions • Forming hypotheses and making predictions • Confirming predictions (with experiments when needed) • Drawing conclusions

31. Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Scientific Method

32. Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Observing and Asking Questions • The process of science begins with an observation. • An observation is the act of perceiving a natural occurrence that causes someone to pose a question.

33. Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Forming a Hypothesis • A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for the way a particular aspect of the natural world functions.

34. Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Forming a Hypothesis, continued • Predicting • To test a hypothesis, scientists make a prediction that logically follows from the hypothesis.

35. Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Designing an Experiment • Performing the Experiment • A controlled experiment compares an experimental group and a control group and only has one variable.

36. Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Controlled Experiment and Variable

37. Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Designing an Experiment, continued • Performing the Experiment • The control group provides a normal standard against which the biologist can compare results of the experimental group. • The experimental group is identical to the control group except for one factor.

38. Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Designing an Experiment, continued • Performing the Experiment • The experimenter manipulates theindependent variable. • The experimenter measures the dependent variable because it is is affected by the independent variable.

39. Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Independent and Dependent Variables

40. Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Designing an Experiment, continued • Testing the Experiment • Experiments should be conducted without bias and they should be repeated.

41. Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Collecting and Analyzing Data • Analyzing and Comparing Data • Scientists analyze data to draw conclusions about the experiment performed.

42. Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Drawing Conclusions • Making Inferences • An inference is a conclusion made on the basis of facts and previous knowledge rather than on direct observations.

43. Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Drawing Conclusions, continued • Applying Results and Building Models • Scientists often apply their findings about the natural world to solve practical problems.

44. Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Constructing a Theory • A theory is a set of related hypotheses confirmed to be true many times, and it can explain a great amount of data.

45. Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Communicating Ideas • Publishing a Paper • Scientists submit research papers to scientific journals for publication. • In peer review, the editors of a journal will send submitted papers out to experts in the field who anonymously read and critique the paper.

46. Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Honesty and Bias • Communication between scientists about their methods and results helps prevent dishonesty and bias in science.

47. Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Honesty and Bias • Conflict of Interest • The threat of a potential scandal based on misleading data or conclusions is a powerful force in science that helps keep scientists honest and fair.

48. Section 4 Tools and Techniques Chapter 1 Objectives • Listthe function of each of the major parts of a compound microscope. • Comparetwo kinds of electron microscopes. • Describethe importance of having the SI system of measurement. • State some examples of good laboratory practice.

49. Section 4 Tool and Techniques Chapter 1 Microscopes as Tools • Light Microscopes • A compound light microscope is a microscope that shines light through a specimen and has two lenses to magnify an image. • Four major parts of a compound light microscope are the ocular lens, objective lens, stage, and light source.

50. Section 4 Tool and Techniques Chapter 1 Microscopes as Tools • Light Microscopes • The eyepiece magnifies the image. • The objective lens enlarges the specimen. • The stage is a platform that supports slides with specimens. • The light source is a light bulb that provides light for viewing images.