Bart JOURQUIN and Sabine LIMBOURG Catholic University of Mons (FUCAM) Group Transport & Mobility

1. Bart JOURQUIN and Sabine LIMBOURG Catholic University of Mons (FUCAM) Group Transport & Mobility Mons – Belgium gt&m@fucam.ac.be GRT conference, May 7, 2007 Optimal location of container terminalsThe case of a hub system in Europe

2. Introduction: European transport sector and policy Methodology Application Conclusions - Prospects Major problems : congestion; environmental nuisance; accidents. Objectives: restoring the balance between modes of transport and developing intermodality Marco Polo’s objective: Decrease of 12.109 t.km by road per year combating congestion putting safety and the quality of services at the heart of our efforts maintaining the right to mobility. European transport sector and policy

3. Introduction: Combined rail-road transport Methodology Application Conclusions - Prospects Combined rail-roadtransport Consolidate flows Source : UIRR Terminals’ location = crucial

4. Introduction Methology: Terminal typology Application Conclusions - Prospects Terminal typology • Ballis (2002) • Wiegmans (2003) • Bontekoning and E. Kreutzberger (2001) • Wiegmans, Masurel and Peter Nijkamp (1998) • Daubresse (1997) • SIMET (1995) T T

5. Introduction Methology: Hub-and-spoke network Application Conclusions - Prospects N O M K B C A D L E F J G I H Hub-and-spoke network • 3 constraints: • all the hubs are connected directly to each other; • no direct connection between non-hub nodes; • spoke nodes are connected to a single hub. • Problem class:P-hub Median Problem (P-HMP) • O’Kelly (1987) • Campbell (1994) • Ernst and Krishnamoorthy (1996) • Potential location • Arnold (2002) • Macharis (2004) • New feature : Systematic approach based on transport flows

6. Introduction Methology: A four steps methodology Application Conclusions - Prospects Optimal terminal locations Reference assignmentWaterways – Roads – Railways 0 Data Demand Supply 1 Identification Potential locations 2 P-HMP Intermodal in an Hub-and-spoke network 3 H-S impact Final assignment Waterways – Roads – Railways – Intermodal

7. Introduction Methology Application: Demand Conclusions - Prospects Freight OD matrixes for the year 2000 provided by NEA Roads, railways and inland waterways; NST-R chapter 9 (“diverse” commodities); Region-to-region at NUTS 2 level; Most European countries.

8. Introduction Methology Application: Demand Conclusions - Prospects

9. Introduction Methology Application: Supply Conclusions - Prospects Supply = DCW based network with associated transport costs

10. Introduction Methology Application: Calibrated reference scenario Conclusions - Prospects Xa Xb Xc Xd Virtual networks U1 (W2) U2 (W1) U3 (R1) Terminal U1 (W2 = 1350T)) U1 (W1 = 300T) U3 (R1 = Train)

11. Introduction Methology Application: Calibrated reference scenario Conclusions - Prospects Virtual networks T

12. Introduction Methology Application: Calibrated reference scenario Conclusions - Prospects Virtual networks D O Generation Distribution Modal split Virtual Network Assignment

13. Introduction Methology Application: Calibrated reference scenario Conclusions - Prospects Behaviour No Yes Capacity No All or Nothing Stochastic Yes Equilibrium Stochastic equilibrium

14. Introduction Methology Application: Calibrated reference scenario Conclusions - Prospects Aggregated demand data No Yes Capacity No All or Nothing Multi-Flow Yes Equilibrium Equilibrium MF

15. Introduction Methology Application: Calibrated reference scenario Conclusions - Prospects Multi-modal, multi-flowsassignment

16. Introduction Methology Application: Consolidation Conclusions - Prospects Consolidated flows on roadnetworks

17. Introduction Methology Application: Set of potential locations Conclusions - Prospects Possible criteria : Minimum flow threshold; Maximum distance to railways; Minimum distance to existing terminal; Minimum distance to port; Maximum distance to waterways. Set of potential locations

18. Introduction Methology Application: Set of potential locations Conclusions - Prospects Set of potential locations

19. Introduction Methology Application: Hypotheses Conclusions - Prospects Collection and synthesis: • Real Cost Reduction of Door-to-door Intermodal Transport (2001) • Prospects of Inland Navigation within the enlarged Europe (2004) • Comité National Routier français • Ministère de la Mobilité des Pays-Bas (2005) (1) Transhipment cost : 3.29 €/ton (2) Inter-hub discount : 10% (3) Pre- and post-haulage : 1.483 x long haul road cost Hypotheses (3) (1) (2) (1) (3) Source : UIRR

20. Introduction Methology Application: Inter-hub networks Conclusions - Prospects Inter-hub networks 3 terminals 4 terminals 2 terminals 5 terminals 6 terminals 7 terminals

21. Introduction Methology Application: Existing situation in 2002 Conclusions - Prospects Existing situation Existing situation: -1,34.109 t.km by road Marco Polo’s objective: -12.109 t.kmby road

22. Introduction Methology Application: P-HMP Optimal locations Conclusions - Prospects Optimal location Optimal location: -7,59.109 t.km by road Existing situation: -1,34.109 t.km by road Marco Polo’s objective: -12.109 t.kmby road

23. Introduction Methology Application Conclusions - Prospects Major contributions: Flow based approach; Methodology for potential locations; Decision support tools embedded in a GIS.

24. Introduction Methology Application Conclusions - Prospects Sensitivity analysis Trimodal terminals Short-sea shipping Prospects