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RESPIRATION

RESPIRATION. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION BREATHING - PROCESS BY WHICH CELLS OBTAIN OXYGEN AND RELEASE CARBON DIOXIDE CELLULAR RESPIRATION PROCESS OF RELEASING ENERGY FROM FOOD TO BE USED BY THE CELL. RESPIRATION. NET REACTION. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2. 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ENERGY.

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RESPIRATION

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  1. RESPIRATION EXTERNAL RESPIRATION BREATHING - PROCESS BY WHICH CELLS OBTAIN OXYGEN AND RELEASE CARBON DIOXIDE CELLULAR RESPIRATION PROCESS OF RELEASING ENERGY FROM FOOD TO BE USED BY THE CELL

  2. RESPIRATION NET REACTION C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ENERGY ACTUAL REACTION C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + ENERGY

  3. GLYCOLYSIS • GLUCOSE ENTERS CYTOPLASM (6 CARBON) • ENERGY OF 2 ATP’S USED TO PHOSPHORYLATE (6 CARBON) • TWO 3 CARBON PGAL + P MOLECULES ARE FORMED • TWO HYDROGEN IONS ARE REMOVED FROM EACH AND ACCEPTED BY NAD TO FORM NADH2 (USED LATER IN AEROBIC RESPIRATION) • TWO ATP ARE GENERATED FOR EACH PGAL MAKING A TOTAL OF 4 ATP • TWO PYRUVIC ACID MOLECULES REMAIN (TO BE USED IN ANAEROBIC OR AEROBIC RESPIRATION) • NET GAIN IS 2 ATP (4 ARE PRODUCED BUT 2 ARE USED)

  4. GLYCOLYSIS ATP ATP GLUCOSE ADP + P ADP + P PGAL + P PGAL + P NAD + 2H NAD + 2H NADH2 NADH2 PGAL + P PGAL + P 2 ADP + 2P 2 ADP + 2P 2 ATP 2 ATP PYRUVIC ACID PYRUVIC ACID

  5. FERMENTATION BREAKDOWN OF PYRUVIC ACID (ANAEROBIC PROCESS) • DOES NOT PRODUCE ANY ATP • USES NADH2 AND REGENERATES NAD+ TO BE USED AGAIN IN GLYCOLYSIS • LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION • OCCURS IN SOME UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS AND SOME ANIMAL CELLS (MUSCLE CELLS) • HYDROGEN IONS ARE ADDED TO PYRUVIC ACID FROM NADH2 IN THE ABSENCE OF OXYGEN • CAUSES MUSCLE SORENESS • TRANSPORTED TO THE LIVER WHERE IT IS CONVERTED BACK INTO PYRUVIC ACID WHEN OXYGEN BECOMES AVAILABLE • ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION • OCCURS IN SOME UNICELLULAR AND PLANT CELLS (YEAST) • CONVERTS PYRUVIC ACID INTO ETHYL ALCOHOL • NADH2 DONATES HYDROGEN IONS, CO2 AND NAD ARE RELEASED • IMPORTANT IN THE BEER AND WINE INDUSTRY • MOST OF THE ENERGY OF THE GLUCOSE REMAINS IN THE PRODUCTS

  6. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATIONFERMENTATION LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION NADH2 NAD (Return to Glycolysis) LACIC ACID fermentation PYRUVIC ACID LACTIC ACID ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION CO2 ALCOHOLIC fermentation PYRUVIC ACID ETHYL ALCOHOL NADH2 NAD (Return to Glycolysis)

  7. AEROBIC RESPIRATION • REQUIRES OXYGEN • IS ALWAYS PRECEDED BY GLYCOLYSIS • BREAKS DOWN PYRUVIC ACID INTO CO2 AND H2O • OCCURS IN THE MITOCHONDRIA • BROKEN INTO THREE STEPS • FIRST • PYRUVIC ACID BROKEN INTO CO2 AND ACETIC ACID AND HYDROGEN IS ADDED TO NAD TO FORM NADH2 • ACETIC ACID COMBINES WITH CO-ENZYME A TO FORM ACETYL CO-A • SECOND • KREBS CITRIC ACID CYCLE • THIRD • ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

  8. KREBS (CITRIC ACID) CYCLE • ACETYL CO-A (2 CARBON) ENTERS THE CYCLE AND COMBINES WITH A 4 CARBON (OXALOACETIC ACID) • COENZYME A IS REGENERATED • FORMS A 6 CARBON CITRIC ACID • TWO HYDROGEN AND CO2 ARE GIVEN OFF (HYDROGEN IS CAPTURED BY NAD TO FORM NADH2 • FORMS A 5 CARBON (KETOGLUTARIC ACID) • TWO MORE HYDROGEN AND ANOTHER CO2 ARE GIVEN OFF TO FORM ANOTHER NADH2 • AN ATP IS GENERATED WITH SOME OF THE ENERGY OF THE REACTION • FORMS A 4 CARBON (SUCCINIC ACID) • TWO MORE HYDROGEN IONS ARE REMOVED TO MAKE FADH2 USING FAD • FORMS ANOTHER 4 CARBON (MALIC ACID) • TWO MORE HYDROGENS ARE REMOVED BY NAD TO FORM NADH2 • REGENERATING THE 4 CARBON (OXALOACEIC ACID) TO START THE CYCLE AGAIN

  9. KREBS CITRIC ACID CYCLE TWO PYRUVIC ACID MOLECULES ARE METABOLIZED IN THE KREBS CYCLE NADH2 NAD PYRUVIC ACID CO-A ACETYL CO-A NADH2 NAD H2 O CO2 CITRIC ACID CO2 OXALOACETIC ACID H2 O NADH2 KETOGLUTARIC ACID NAD ATP ADP + P MALIC ACID H2 O SUCCINIC ACID NAD NADH2 FADH2 FAD CO2

  10. SUMMARY OF RESPIRATION • GLYCOLYSIS PRODUCED • 4 ATP - 2 ATP = 2 ATP GAINED • 2 NADH2 • ANAEROBIC RESP (ACETYL CO-A) • 1 NADH2 PER PYRUVIC ACID = 2 NADH2 • KREBS CYCLE • 3 NADH2 PER PYRUVIC ACID = 6 NADH2 • 1 FADH2 PER PYRUVIC ACID = 2 FADH2 • 1 ATP PER PYRUVIC ACID = 2 ATP TOTALS 4ATP 10NADH2 2 FADH2

  11. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN • OCCURS IN THE INNER MEMBRANE OF THE MITOCHONDRIA (CRISTAE) • TRANSFERS ENERGY OF H+ IONS TO ATP • 3 ATP MOLECULES ARE GENERATED FOR EACH MOLECULE OF NADH2 • 2 ATP MOLECULES ARE GENERATED FOR EACH MOLECULE OF FADH2 NET YIELD OF ATP FROM ALL RESPIRATION 10 NADH2 X 3 = 30 ATP 2 FADH2 X 2 = 4 ATP + 4 ATP TOTAL 38 ATP MOLECULES

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