Topic 1 Business organisation Growth & evolution

1. Topic 1 Business organisation Growth & evolution

2. Learning Objectives • Analyse the main types of economies and diseconomies of scale and apply these concepts to business decisions • Evaluate the relative merits of small Vs. large organisations • Recommend an appropriate scale of operation • Explain the difference between internal and external growth • Evaluate joint ventures, strategic alliances, mergers and takeovers • Analyse the advantages and disadvantages of franchising and evaluate it as a growth strategy • Explain and apply Ansoff’s matrix as a decision-making tool • HL – Evaluate internal and external growth strategies as methods of expansion • HL – Examine how Porter’s generic strategies provide a framework for building competitive advantage

3. Why is one of the main business objectives growth? Market power What do businesses gain from growth? Profits Reduced Costs (EoS) Risk aversion Increased market share Dividends to shareholders

4. So how can businesses grow?

5. Internal and external growth • Internal or organic growth occurs when a firm increases their own scale of operation eg they open a new plant or production line. • External growth is where a company expands through acquisitionsiemergers or takeovers.

6. Internal growth • Expansion of existing production facilities • Opening of new retail outlets • Taking on more staff • Investment in new technology • Widening of the product range

7. External growth • Merger – agreement by shareholders and managers of 2 businesses to bring together the firms under a common board of directors • Takeover – When a company buys over 50% of the shares of another company and becomes the controlling owner (acquisition)

8. Can you name me any recent merger or takeovers?

9. Kraft & Cadburys

10. Heineken & Scottish & Newcastle Santander buyout of Alliance & Leicester, Abbey and Bradford & Bingley Examples of takeovers due to ‘poor performance’ For latest Acquisitions and mergers info

11. Examples March 2004 Buyer – WM Morrisons| price - £3bn http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3542291.stm January 2007 Buyer – Tata| price - £5.8bn http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6315823.stm

12. Backward vertical integration – same industry, towards supplier External Growth Horizontal integration – same industry and same stage of production Conglomerate diversification - different industry Forward vertical integration – same industry, towards customer

13. Horizontal integration • Horizontal integration: • Horizontal integration occurs when two businesses in the same industry at the same stage of production become one – for example a merger between two car manufacturers or drinks suppliers • The takeover of Safeway by Morrison's is example of the process of horizontal integration. (for £2.9bn) $850m £652m

14. "This is a once in a lifetime opportunity to combine two of the most respected and well-known companies in the worldwide sporting goods industry", CEO Adidas = Horizontal integration

15. Vertical integration • Vertical integration: • Vertical Integration involves acquiring a business in the same industry but at different stages of the supply chain • Uses primary, secondary and tertiary industries • For example an oil company that owns drilling and extraction businesses together with refining, distribution and retail subsidiaries.

16. Backward Tertiary businesses that integrates with secondary business. Secondary business that integrates with a primary supplier Forward A primary business that integrates with a secondary manufacturer A Secondary manufacturer that integrates with a tertiary business. Vertical Integration Forward Backwards

17. Broadcaster BSkyB acquired television set-top box maker Amstrad for about £125m. Sky said that the deal meant they could now save money, design their products in-house and be more innovative. = Backward vertical integration

18. Conglomerate integration • Conglomerate Integration or diversification is when a company buys another firm in an unrelated industry, often to spread risk.

19. Summary… For each one, explain the impact on stakeholders

20. Rationalisation – selling off or closing down some parts

21. What type of integration is this? • J Sainsbury buying a breakfast cereal manufacturer? Vertical Backward integration

22. What type of integration is this? • Ford motor company buying a steel works? Vertical Backward integration

23. What type of integration is this? • Merger of Lloyds Bank with Barclays bank? Horizontal integration

24. What type of integration is this? • A bakery buying a bread shop? Vertical Forward integration

25. What type of integration is this? • ICI chemical manufacturer takes over a specialist chemical sector of Unilever? Horizontal? integration

26. What type of integration is this? • Milk Marque (farmer co-operative) which collects and sells 60% of raw milk buys Aeron Cheese, A Welsh maker of farmhouse cheeses? Vertical Forward integration

27. What type of integration is this? • Phoenix Inns a chain of 1800 pubs buys Spring Inns with 4300 pubs? Horizontal integration