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Now, authors use subtitles to organize the “Results” section.

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Now, authors use subtitles to organize the “Results” section.

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  1. Results. In the Results section, include the rationale or design of the experiments as well as the results; reserve extensive interpretation of the results for the Discussion section. Present the results as concisely as possible in one of the following: text, table(s), or figure(s). Data in tables (e.g., cpm of radioactivity) should not contain more significant figures than the precision of the measurement allows. Illustrations (particularly photomicrographs and electron micrographs) should be limited to those that are absolutely necessary to show the experimental findings. Number figures and tables in the order in which they are cited in the text, and be sure to cite all figures and tables.

  2. Now, authors use subtitles to organize the “Results” section. • HSV-1 infection induces Egr-1 expression in both human cells and mouse tissue. • Egr-1 functions to increase HSV-1 replication in both human and mouse cells. • Egr-1 activates the productive cycle gene promoters of HSV-1 by binding to its corresponding sequences in the promoters. • Egr-1 increases the viral loads in tissues and mortality of infected mice. • Knockdown of Egr-1 expression by a DNA-based enzyme reduces the viral loads in tissues and mortality of infected mice.

  3. Egr-1 functions to increase HSV-1 replication in both human and mouse cells. To determine the function of Egr-1 in HSV-1 replication, we knocked down Egr-1 protein expression in SK-N-SH cells using an antisense oligomer previously shown to effectively reduce Egr-1 protein expression to a basal level (20, 21). The resulting cells were infected with strain KOS and then harvested for titration. The mean viral titers in the SK-N-SH cells treated with the Egr-1 antisense oligomer were lower than those treated with a control (scramble) oligomer from 12 through 48 hours p.i., with a significant (10-fold) difference at 36 hours p.i. (Figure 2A; P = 0.01, Student’s t test). A

  4. In addition, we cultured mouse embryonic fibroblasts from Egr-1+/+ and Egr-1–/– mice, infected the cells with strain KOS, and harvested infected cultures for titration. The mean viral titers in the embryonic fibroblasts from Egr-1–/– mice were lower than those from Egr-1+/+ mice from 12 through 48 hours p.i., with a significant (7-fold) difference at 24 hours p.i. (Figure 2B; P = 0.03, Student’s t test). We also examined the growth of strain KOS in the brain slices prepared from Egr-1+/+ and Egr-1–/– mice. Figure 2C shows that the mean viral titer in the brain slices from Egr-1–/– mice was significantly lower than that from Egr-1+/+ mice, with 5-fold differ ence at 24 hours p.i. (P = 0.03, Student’s t test). Collectively, these results demonstrate that the Egr-1-mediated increase of HSV-1 replication is not a phenomenon specific to human or mouse cells or to a particular cell type. B C

  5. In each section (under a subtitle), we describe • why we did it (in half to 1 sentence without repeating “Introduction”) • how we did it (in half to 1 sentence, unless novel methods, without repeating “ Materials and Methods”) • what was the results (in detailed) • what was the conclusion (in half to 1 sentence) • Where are these 4 components in the above example?

  6. Be cautious about • arranging figures and tables in the order in which they are cited in the text • mentioning numbers (values), • mentioning statistics, • the numbers of tables and figures • the length of “Results” • using past tense mostly • consistence in description (tones)

  7. Consistence in description (tones) • HSV-1 infection induces Egr-1 expression in both human cells and mouse tissue. • Egr-1 functions to increase HSV-1 replication in both human and mouse cells. • Egr-1 activates the productive cycle gene promoters of HSV-1 by binding to its corresponding sequences in the promoters. • Egr-1 increases the viral loads in tissues and mortality of infected mice. • The viral loads in tissues and mortality of wild-type mice were increased. • 5. Knockdown of Egr-1 expression by a DNA-based enzyme reduces the viral loads in tissues and mortality of infected mice. • The viral loads in tissues and mortality of infected mice was reduced after knockdown of Egr-1 expression by a DNA-based enzyme.

  8. Homework: • Analyze the “Results” of your paper for components, why they did it (in half to 1 sentence without repeating “Introduction”), how they did it (in half to 1 sentence, unless novel methods, without repeating “ Materials and Methods”), what was the results (in detailed), and what was the conclusion (in half to 1 sentence) • 2. Practice to write your own “Results”

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