1 / 16

Chapter 16

Chapter 16. Ergogenic Aids for Fitness and Athletics. Ergogenic aids function. By improving the capacity of the muscles and/or the oxygen transport and utilization systems to do work By removing or reducing inhibitory mechanisms to allow the use of previously untapped reserves.

geri
Download Presentation

Chapter 16

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 16 Ergogenic Aids for Fitness and Athletics

  2. Ergogenic aids function • By improving the capacity of the muscles and/or the oxygen transport and utilization systems to do work • By removing or reducing inhibitory mechanisms to allow the use of previously untapped reserves Visit The Physician and Sports Medicine: Ergogenic Aids at www.physsportsmed.com/issues/1997/04apr/eichner.htm

  3. Amphetamines • Mimics the activity of the sympathetic nervous system • May improve swimming, running, weight throwing performance, reaction time, and balance, but conflicting results

  4. Caffeine • Central nervous system stimulant • Diuretic • Mental stimulant • May impair motor performance • Increases endurance performance in cycling, running, and swimming

  5. Anabolic steroids • Synthetic cholesterol-based drugs that resemble hormones • Popular with strength and power athletes as well as body builders • Increase strength, muscle mass, and body weight Visit NIDA Research Report—Steroid Abuse and Addiction at www.nida.nih.gov/ResearchReports/Steroids/AnabolicSteroids.html

  6. Growth hormones • A naturally occurring polypeptide secreted by the anterior pituitary gland • Can now be synthesized • Used by strength and power athletes to increase muscle size and strength

  7. Sodium bicarbonate • Naturally occurring buffer of acids in the blood • Used to reduce fatigue-causing effects of lactic acid build-up

  8. Creatine • Synthesized primarily in the liver from amino acids • Found in meat and fish • Stored in skeletal muscle as phosphocreatine, used as a fuel source for high intensity exercise • Creatine loading increases phosphocreatine stores in muscles to delay onset of fatigue in high intensity, short-term activities • In resistance training it increases body weight, fat-free weight, and muscle mass Visit Creatine Supplementation at www.rice.edu/~jenky/sports/creatine.html and Sports Science Creatine Review at www.sportsci.org/traintech/creatine/rbk.html

  9. Pyruvate • 3-carbon metabolite of carbohydrate metabolism • Intermediate in glycolytic energy production pathway • May provide additional substrate for the Krebs cycle, increase aerobic production of ATP, and improve endurance

  10. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) • Metabolite produced from the breakdown of the amino acid leucine • Used in resistance training to increase muscle mass and strength and decrease fat weight • Being studied for effect on muscle damage from long-distance running

  11. Phosphate loading • Oral administration of sodium phosphate • Potential ways it may affect performance • Elevations in serum and intracellular phosphate • Increased availability of phosphate for oxidative phosphorylation and creatine phosphate synthesis • Increased red cell anaerobic glycolysis and efficiency • Elevation in red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) • Enhanced myocardial and cardiovascular efficiency • Possible increase in anaerobic threshold

  12. Blood doping • The process • 8 to 12 weeks prior to an endurance competition, two pints of blood are removed. • Red blood cells (RBC) are separated and frozen • Athlete continues to train and body restores RBC count to normal levels • During week prior to competition, the RBCs are reinfused • Results • An increase in RBC concentration and thus improved oxygen transport capability

  13. Blood doping (cont.) • Ethical questions surrounding blood doping • Con: increases performance in artificial and unfair manner • Pro: same advantage enjoyed by athletes who train at high elevations to compete at sea level

  14. Erythropoietin • Drug used for anemia and kidney disease • Stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells (RBC) • Improves performance is manner similar to blood doping

  15. Carbohydrate loading • Increases amount of glycogen stored within muscles and so delays the onset of fatigue during endurance activities • Classic carbohydrate loading • 15% carbohydrate for first three days and 70% for last three days • Sherman’s moderate carbohydrate regime • 50% carbohydrate for the first three days and 70% for the last three.

  16. Aid Anecdotal effect Research-proven effect Major side-effects Banned Pyruvate Improves performance in endurance activities, weight loss, lowers cholesterol High doses improve submaximal endurance performance High doses: Gastrointestinal distress, diarrhea N HMB Increases muscle mass and strength and decreases fat weight Increases isometric strength, concentric and eccentric isokinetic peak torque, and fat-free weight More research needed N Phosphate loading Enhances endurance performance Conflicting results None reported N Blood doping Enhances endurance performance Enhances endurance performance None reported Y Erythropoietin Enhances endurance performance Enhances endurance performance Elevated blood pressure, flu-like symptoms, possible heart attack, stroke, pulmonary edema Y Carbohydrate loading Enhances endurance performance Enhances endurance performance None N

More Related