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Pharmacology Basics

Pharmacology Basics. TERESA PECK BSN, RN 2008. Drug Nomenclature. Chemical-Scientific Name Generic name NOT CAPITALIZED Official Name Brand or Trade name Symbol R with a circle around it Name capitalized. Drug Classifications. Body system Therapeutic or clinical use

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Pharmacology Basics

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  1. Pharmacology Basics TERESA PECK BSN, RN 2008

  2. Drug Nomenclature • Chemical-Scientific Name • Generic name • NOT CAPITALIZED • Official Name • Brand or Trade name • Symbol R with a circle around it • Name capitalized

  3. Drug Classifications • Body system • Therapeutic or clinical use • Chemical action • Prescription vs non-prescription • Illegal or recreational

  4. Pregnancy Categories • A-no risk • B-minimal risk or no studies done • C-risk identified • D-well studied definite risk-benefit may out do risk • X-positive evidence fetal anormalities-not used

  5. PRACTICE EXAMPLES • Use your drug book • Find 5 Medications • Tell us the scientific, trade and generic names

  6. What are drugs made of? • Minerals • Plant • Animal • Synthesis • Microorganisms

  7. Drug Preparations • VEHICLES • Solid Preparations • Capsule • Tablet • Pill • Lozenge

  8. Drug Preparations • Solid Preparations • Suppository • Ointment • Powder • Tablets or pills may be “scored”

  9. Drug Preparations • Fluid preparations • Oral parenteral or injectable or IV

  10. Pharmacokinetics • Absorption • Distribution • Metabolism • Excretion

  11. Absorption-movement of a drug into the bloodstream. • May be via several routes • Oral-broken down in aqueous environment • Enters GI tract, absorption continues • Absorption may be further influenced by gutmotility, prior surgery to the intestines, simultaneous intake of food, other drugs, and many other factors.

  12. Distribution • Depends on tissue permeability • Depends on tissue perfusion • Depends on amount of blood flow • pH can affect

  13. Excretion • Relies mostly on KIDNEYS • Also referred to as clearance

  14. Factors Influencing Drug Action • Age • Body Weight • Metabolic Rate • Illness • Psychological Aspects • Placebo effect • Tolerance/Dependence • Cumulative effect

  15. Drug Action • Each drug has a DESIRED effect • Can also cause undesirable effects-known as side effects LOOK IN DRUG BOOK- find desired action, list of side effects

  16. Adverse Reactions • Allergic Reactions • Hives • Itching • Eddema • Anaphylactic reaction • Respiratory distress • Cardiovascular collapse

  17. Risks With Drugs • Carcinogenicity • Teratogen

  18. Drug Interactions • Drugs can “mix” or interact with other things • Drugs • Foods • Juices

  19. Drug Legislation • Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act 1938 • Controlled Substances Act, 1970 • Schedule I • Schedule II • Schedule III • Schedule IV • Schedule V

  20. Drug Development • Preclinical research • Clinical research and development • New drug application review • Postmarketing surveillance

  21. Common Abbreviations • Daily • BID=twice daily** • PRN=as needed • Ad lib=as much as needed • Mg=milligram • Ml=milliliter • C=with

  22. Common Abbreviations • Tid=three times a day** • Stat=NOW • NGT=via nasogastric tube • Gr=grain • Gtt=drops • Od=right eye • Os=left eye • Ou=both eyes

  23. Pc=after eating • Ac=before eating • Q=every • Qh=every hour

  24. Six Rights of Medication Administration • Right Drug • Right Time • Right Dose • Right Patient • Right Route • Right Documentation

  25. Nursing Process in Med Administration • Assessment data collection • Nursing diagnosis • Planning • Implementation • Evaluation

  26. Drug Action Across the LifeSpan • Absorption • Distribution • Metabolism • Excretion • Toxicity • Pregnancy/Breast-feeding

  27. Patient Education and Medication Therapy • Noncompliance • We learn three basic ways • Learning needs to be focused, repetitive • Need to address all ways people learn • Determine readiness to learn • Determine barriers (age, cognition, hearing/vision impairments) • SPACE OUT TEACHING

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