Psychology 355: Cognitive Psychology Instructor : John Miyamoto 5/5 /2014: Lecture 06-1

1. STM & LTM are Separate SystemsExplicit & Implicit Memory are Separate SystemsEpisodic & Semantic Memory are Separate Systems Psychology 355: Cognitive PsychologyInstructor: John Miyamoto5/5/2014: Lecture 06-1 This Powerpoint presentation may contain macros that were used to create the slides. The macros aren’t needed to view the slides. If necessary, you can disable the macros without any change to the presentation.

2. Outline • Overview of memory systems • STM and LTM are separate memory systems • Dissociations between episodic and semantic memory • Dissociations between episodic memory (one type of explicit memory)and priming (one type of implicit memory) Diagram of Memory Systems Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

3. Episodic & Semantic Memory HUMAN MEMORY Topic 1 SHORT-TERM MEMORY Topic 3 Topic 2 Memory Terminology – Including Types of Amnesia Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

4. Short-Term Memory (STM) versus Long-Term Memory (LTM • STM has limited capacity & limited duration. • Access from STM is very fast. • LTM has unlimited capacity. • Access from LTM is generally slower. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

5. Interpretation of Standard Result for Serial Position Curve Figure 6.3Serial Position Curve % Recalled Serial Position PrimacyEffect RecencyEffect Claims (to be substantiated in subsequent slides) • Primacy effect is due to transfer to LTM. • Recency effect due to words retained in STM. • Standard result for serial position curve is evidence for STM/LTM distinction. How to Prove that Primacy is Due to Transfer to LTM? Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

6. How to Prove Primacy Effect Is Due to Transfer to LTM? • Rundus (1971) presented words at the rate of 1 word per 5 seconds. 20 words in the list. • Subjects were instructed to rehearse words aloud. What Subject SeesWhat Subject Says car car, car, car, ... stone car, stone, car, stone, car, ... top car, stone, top, car, stone, top, ... ...... ................... • This study has 2 dependent variables: • Frequency of recall for words in each position • Number of rehearsals for words in each position Results for Rundus Experiment Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

7. Results for Rundus (1971) Study Figure 6.4Effect of Overt Rehearsal Number of Rehearsals % Recalled Serial Position Figure 6.4 to the right: • Red solid line: Serial position curve (standard result) • Blue dotted line: Number of times a word in each position was rehearsed. • Blue dotted line correlates perfectly with the serial position curve (red dotted line) except for the recency effect. This supports claim that primacy effect is due to transfer to LTM. How to Prove that Recency Effect Due to Retention in STM? Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

8. How to Prove Recency Effect Is Due to Retention in STM? No recency effect • Dashed line shows effect of counting backwards by 3’s for 30 seconds after presentation of list. • Counting backwards prevents retention of words in STM, so recency effect disappears. • This result supports the hypothesis that the recency effect is due to retention of recent words in STM. Glanzer, M., & Cunitz, A. R. (1966). Two storage mechanisms in free recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 5, 351-360. Figure 6.5Effect of Counting Backwards % Recalled Serial Position How We Know that STM & LTM Are Different Mechanisms - Summary Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

9. How Do We Know that STM and LTM Involve Different Brain Mechanisms? (Conclusion) • Assumption of separate STM & LTM explains facts about the serial position curve. • Neuropsychological evidence of double dissociation betweenSTM & LTM. • HM & Clive Wearing had normal memoryspan, e.g., 5-8 digits • KF had reduced memory span, e.g.,about 2 digits. LTM was ok. Surprise Memory Test Items Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

10. Example (to be discussed later) ELK SHIP PEAR Diagram of Memory Systems – Next: Episodic vs Semantic Memory Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

11. Episodic & Semantic Memory Next Topic: There are two types of explicit (declarative) memory: • Episodic memory is memory for the experience of events in one's personal history. • Semantic memory is memory for facts, events, and knowledge that is not linked to a specific personal experience. Episodic vs Semantic Memory – Some Examples Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

12. Recall versus Recognition Tests • Recall Test: Can you remember the words that I displayed a few minutes ago? Write them down. • Recognition Test: Which of these words were displayed at the beginning of this lecture? Write “yes” or “no” depending on whether a word was or was not displayed at the beginning of the lecture. BOAT PEAR DEER etc. Same Slide + Question: Do These Tests Involve Episodic or Semantic Memory? Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

13. Memory Performance on a Memory Test – Episodic or Semantic? • Recall Test: Can you remember the words that I displayed at the beginning of the lecture? Write them down. • Recognition Test: Which of these words were displayed at the beginning of this lecture? Write “yes” or “no” depending on whether a word was or was not displayed at the beginning of the lecture. • Is your memory performance on these tests an example of episodic memory or semantic memory? • Main Point: Recall and recognition tests require episodic memory because they require the subject to remember a specific previous experience. • Note that it requires semantic memory to answer, e.g., what is a ship? Is a pear a fruit? But these were not the questions that were asked. Double Dissociations Btwn Episodic & Semantic Memory Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

14. Double Dissociations Between Episodic & Semantic Memory Semantic memory intact; episodic memory impaired. Alzheimer's patient with intact semantic memory, and severely impaired episodic memory. Patient KC has injury to hippocampus. Lost his episodic memory, but retains semantic memory. Semantic memory impaired; episodic memory intact KFis a 44 year old Italian woman who had encephalitis. Severely impaired semantic memory, intact episodic memory. fMRI Evidence for Episodic/Semantic Distinction Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

15. How Do We Know that Episodic and Semantic Memory Are Different Memory Systems? Figure 6.8 • Neuropsychological (fMRI) evidence for double dissociations between episodic & semantic memory. • Pattern of activation is different while recalling episodic & semantic memories. • It should be noted that there is overlap between episodic & semantic memories. Yellow: Subject is recalling experiences (episodic). Blue: Subject is recalling facts (semantic). Back to Diagram of Memory Systems – Episodic Memory versus Priming Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

16. Episodic versus Semantic Memory – Some Examples maybe E, maybe Smaybe both • "I remember parking my car this morning." • "I remember the big earthquake in 1963." • "I remember that wolves are bigger than coyotes." • "I remember that Olympia is south of Seattle." • "I remember Beth's telling me to be at the meeting on Thursday." • “Barack Obama won the 2012 presidential election." • Subject in a memory experiment says, "I remember seeing the word, 'watermelon' on the list you showed me." E E S S E E Double Dissociations Between Episodic & Semantic Memory Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

17. Episodic & Semantic Memory HUMAN MEMORY Next Topic of Today’s Lecture SHORT-TERM MEMORY Word-Fragment Completion Task Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

18. Word Fragment Completion (WFC) Task Stage 1: Study List AStudy List B apple dog pear moosewatermelonantelope . . . . . . . . . . Stage 2 Recall List ARecall List B (explicit) some forget "watermelon" some forget "antelope" Stage 3 WFC TaskWFC Task (implicit) _ater__lon _ater__lon _nte_ope _nte_ope Word Fragment Completion (WFC) Task: Fill in the blanks to make a word. Results for Word Fragment Completion Task Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

19. Results for WFC Stage 1: Study List AStudy List B apple dog pear moosewatermelonantelope . . . . . . . . . . Stage 2 Recall List ARecall List B (explicit) some forget "watermelon" some forget "antelope" Stage 3 WFC TaskWFC Task (implicit) _ater__lon _ater__lon _nte_ope _nte_ope better worse worse better Results for Word Fragment Completion Task Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

20. Word Fragment Completion (WFC) Summary • WFC performance is better for words that were studied at Stage 1 but forgotten at Stage 2, than for words that were never studied at Stage 1. • Subjects have implicit memory for words studied at Stage 1 even if they cannot recall them at Stage 2. • WFC is an example of priming. WFC & Recall in Amnesics & Normal Controls Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

21. Monday, May 05, 2014: The Lecture Ended Here Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14