Chapter 17

1. Chapter 17 Ember Rensel

2. The Columbian Exchange Transferred goods between the Eastern hemisphere and the New World • People (slaves) • Animals • Plants • Technologies • Diseases (from Old World to New)

4. Trades- Intended and accidental • The natives of the Western hemisphere were killed by many of the diseases-Smallpox, influenza, measles, diphtheria -Malaria and yellow fever arrived with African slaves • Wheat, olives, grapes, vegetables, rice, bananas, sugar cane -- to America • Maize, potatoes, manioc – to Old World • Large amounts of livestock arrived in the Americas from Europe -Natives found the horse most useful

5. The Spanish Colonies The Spanish controlled - The Caribbean Islands Mexico American Southwest Central America Caribbean and Pacific coasts of South America Andean highland Plains in Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay

6. Colonial development • Portugal controlled much of the coast of Brazil • Viewed society as a vertical hierarchy of estates, mainly Catholic, and a patriarchal extended-family network • Natives influenced the development of the colonies and formed alliances or marriage ties with the settlers

7. State and church • Council of the Indies-1524-developed in Spain, supervised government, ecclesiastical, and commercial activities in the colonies • Limited power because of geography and time • Viceroys were of the highest power in the colonies • Judicial and administrative districts • Mexico City- capital of New Spain • Lima- capital of Peru • Bahia- capital of Brazil

8. State and church cont’d… • Catholic churches became popular and locals began to convert to Christianity • Provided for European spiritual needs • Promoted intellectual advancement and formal education • Settlers used the church as an excuse to justify their conquests • Bartolomé de Las Casas- defended the Amerindians in the early colonial period • Missionary efforts were thwarted by geographical, linguistic, and cultural differences. • The church became the richest institution in the Spanish colonies

9. Economy in the colonies • Peruvian silver mines and Mexican sugar plantations dominated • Gold was extracted in Latin America • Potosí- now Bolivia- the richest silver deposit • Encomienda- forced labor of the natives • Mita- a labor tax • Brazilian sugar plantations depended on slave labor • Illegal trade relations were formed between the Spanish, English, Dutch, and French

10. Society • Hidalgos- lesser nobles • Creoles- whites for in America to European parents • The loss of life undermined the rich and cultural society • Slavery brought about racism and lower social ranking for blacks • Quilombos/ paleques- runaway slaves • Brazilian culture was influenced more by the Africans then the Amerindians • Slaves could buy their freedom • Mestizos- mixed Amerindian & European • Mulattos- mixed African & European • Castas- mixed peoples groups

11. The French Colonies • Jaques Cartier- first stirred interest in America- explored Newfoundland and the St. Lawrence Strait • The French were committed to missionary work and encouraged the extraction of fur and natural resources • New France-settled in Quebec (1608) • Allied with the Huron and Algonquin • Beaver fur trade fueled settlement • Métis- mixed French and native- assisted in fur trade and communication

12. French colonies • Firearms made indigenous people deadly • Horse + gun = good military power • Epidemics made conversion hard for natives • The French were the most independent • Treated natives well- as allies and partners • English took over in 1760 after the French and Indian War when they captured Quebec

13. The English Colonies • The English colonies were located along the Eastern coast of North America and some regions farther north. • In the North: - Roanoke in North Carolina= failed (2x) - Newfoundland in Canada= failed • In the South: • Jamestown in Virginia(1606) = success! • Expected easy profits • Survived by natives’ generosity • Many settlers died from diseases • Government forced to dissolve the Virginia Company

14. English colonies cont’d • Economy based on furs, timber, and tobacco • No significant city developed in Virginia, unlike Latin America • Indentured servants- white, 80% of colony’s population, signed a contract to be a slave for 4-7 years in order to pay for voyage to the New World • Slave populations grew rapidly as life expectancy increased • House of Burgesses- government system where a Crown-appointed governor and his council and representatives would meet and formed a democratic ruling system. • Southern settlements benefitted most from fur trade • Stono Rebellion-1739- largest slave uprising • Colonial South Carolina= most hierarchical society in British N. America

15. New England • Pilgrims- wished to break away from the Church of England • Settled in Plymouth, Mass • Puritans- wanted to “purify” the Church of England, separate it from government • Mass. Bay colony • Gender balance • Became more “American”-independent

16. Mid-Atlantic region • Manhattan Island-Dutch merchants- set up alliance with Iroquois Confederacy- gave access to rich fur trade • New York colony- diverse population-trading center • Pennsylvania- refuge for Quakers- 1682- William Penn • Philadelphia became the largest city in the British colonies • Peaceful relations with natives

17. Reforms • Both Spanish and British America had to reform in order to encompass economic growth and resources.