SI Biology 211

1. SI Biology 211 Jenny F.

2. _______________ have a glass-like wall of hydrated silica. • Dinoflagellates • Ciliates • Diatoms • Foraminiferans

3. What evidence supports the endosymbiont theory?

4. In plants, ________ is where eggs are formed. • Antheridium • Archaea • Archegonium • Archaeophytes

5. What is wrong with the following statement about the scientific method? “If the results of the experiment are as expected, then the hypothesis is proved.” a. More experiments than one are required to prove an hypothesis.b. A hypothesis is only proved when the results of the experiments are published and repeated by other scientists.c. Hypotheses are easily disproven by experimentation, but almost never proven.d. Hypotheses must be modified many times before they become accepted by the scientific community.e. We are not told whether or not the hypothesis is consistent with other, previously accepted, hypotheses.

6. Which of the following are characteristic of prokaryotic but not eukaryotic cells?a.circular DNAb. endomembrane systemc. cell walld. polysaccharidese. ribosomes

7. Compare gram + and gram – bacteria…. • Cell wall • Color after gram stain • Resistance to antibiotics

8. Scientific observations and theories are NOT which of the following? • Subjective • Falsifiable • Quantitative • Reproducible • All of the above accurately describe scientific observations and theories

9. Which term best explains why a multicellular organism, such as a lion, can carry out many more functions than a single cell in its body? • Phylogeny • Emergent properties • Endosymbiotic relationships • Reductionism

10. Horizontal gene transfer • Is a process by which prokaryotes can gain new genetic information • Results in the formation of a zygote • Is incapable of creating new diseases • None of the above correctly describe horizontal gene transfer

11. The evolutionary tree of life shows relationships between organisms based on molecular data and gene sequencing. Thus, this tree of life is a product of: • Taxonomy • The 5 kingdom system • The 3 Domain system • Phylogeny

12. Pick the correct order in which these events occurred, starting with the earliest and ending with the most recent • Prokaryotes, Oxygen in atmosphere, Eukaryotes, Land plants • Oxygen in atmosphere, Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Land plants • Prokaryotes, Land plants, Oxygen in atmosphere, Eukaryotes • Oxygen in atmosphere, Prokaryotes, Land plants, Eukaryotes

13. Mitochondria are believed to have originated by a(n) _______ relationship between a prokaryote and an early eukaryote. a. Parasitic b. Opportunistic c. Endosymbiotic d. Commensualistic

14. Malaria has a complex life cycle that includes two different hosts. It is a • Plasmodium in the Ciliate group • Plasmodium in the Apiocomplexan group • Plasmodium in the Dinoflagellate group • Trypanosome in the Kinetoplastid group

15. The Endosymbiont Theory is NOT supported by which of the following? • Plastids, mitochondria, and prokaryotes replicate in a similar manner • Antibiotics block protein synthesis in both mitochondria and prokaryotes • Mitochondrial and prokaryotic DNA are similar in structure • Eukaryotes are more complex than prokaryotes • None of the above

16. Protists are prokaryotes. a. True b. False

17. Oomycetes are important decomposers in fresh water. They exhibit what kind of nutrition? • Absorptive (fungus like) • Autotrophic (plant like) • Heterotrophic (animal like) • Mixotrophic

18. In a certain area of the Pacific, yellow and green sunlight penetrate the water down to 50m. I have discovered a new photosynthetic protist that lives 75m below the surface of the water. This organism must belong in the clade • Chlorophyta • Stramenopila • Rhodophyta • Charophycea • Plantae

19. Differentiate between an autotroph and a heterotroph.

20. Differentiate between an exotoxin and an endoxtoxin.

21. What is meant by the statement: “Science is a dynamic process”

22. Define taxonomy.

23. Describe systematics

24. T or F: Bacteria consist of only pathogenic species.

25. What are extremophiles?

26. What is the purpose of the cell wall?

27. Describe how antibiotics work (we discussed two different processes in class).

28. Describe conjugation.

29. Why are prokaryotes so successful? (5 were discussed in class).

30. A theory is _____. • a poorly supported idea that has little backing but might be correct • a well-supported concept that has broad explanatory power • the same thing as a hypothesis • not correct unless it is several years old • a concept that, once established in the scientific literature, can be modified but never rejected, even when new scientific methods produce data that don't fit

31. A hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable to be scientifically valid. Being testable and falsifiable means that _____. • some conceivable observation or experiment could reveal whether a given hypothesis is correct or incorrect • the hypothesis has been proved wrong • there must be several options in the hypothesis to choose from, one of which is correct • if the hypothesis is not correct, the experiment was a failure

32. Prokaryotes are ___. • Examples of protists • Classified into one domain • Important because they changed the earth’s atmosphere by creating CO2 • Unable to move • Important decomposers

33. 9. Which of the following statements about the Endosymbiont Theory is false? • Cells are genetic chimera • The similarities between mitochondria and prokaryotes are an important piece of evidence for this theory • Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes that engulfed “endosymbionts” • Ancestors of eukaryotic cells formed a symbiotic relationship with prokaryotes which then became a dependent relationship • None of the above

34. Prokaryotes • Are sometimes able to move • Have internal organelles • Have no DNA • Reproduce slowly • None of the above

35. _____ produces four daughter cells of a different ploidy, while _____ produces two identical daughter cells of the same ploidy. • Mitosis, meiosis • Mitosis, mitosis • Meiosis, mitosis • Meiosis, meiosis

36. Chagas disease is caused by what genus and vector? • Plasmodium, kissing bug • Plasmodium, mosquito • Trypanosoma, kissing bug • Trypanosoma, mosquito

37. Agar for culturing media to grow bacteria is extracted from _________. • Dinoflagellates • Green algae • Red algae • Diatoms • Oomycetes

38. Which of the following is not evidence that charophyceans are the closest algal relatives of plants? • similar sperm structure • apical meristems • similarities in cell wall formation during cell division (phragmoplast) • genetic similarities in some organelles • similarities in a rose-shaped complex that synthesizes cellulose

39. Which of the following is not common to all phyla of land plants? • apical meristem • alternation of generations • dependent embryo • xylem and phloem • multicellulargametangia