Science Based Metrics for Sustainable Outcomes In Agriculture

1. Science Based Metrics for Sustainable Outcomes In Agriculture 2014 NIAA Annual Conference & NIAA/USAHA Joint Forum on Trichomoniasis Standards Marty Matlock, PhD, PE, BCEEExecutive Director, Office for SustainabilityProfessor , Biological and Agricultural Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Arkansas

2. Everything is Connected

3. Everything is changing

4. World Population Growth In Context 12 11 10 2100 9 Time of our Children and Grandchildren Old 8 Future Stone Age 7 2010 Billions 6 2000 5 Time of our Parents and Grandparents 4 1975 3 Era of Democracy 1950 2 1900 ? Era of Monarchs 1 2000 1+ million 7000 6000 5000 3000 1000 A.D. 4000 A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. years B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. 1 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Source: Population Reference Bureau; and United Nations, World Population Projections to 2100 (1998).

5. Sustainability 2050: The Challenge

6. Sustainability 2050: The Challenge

7. Sustainability 2050: The Challenge

8. Sustainability 2050: The Challenge What we do in the next 10 years will shape Earth and Humanity for the next 100 years When technology and culture collide technology prevails, culture changes

9. We are all in this together Billions Less Developed Regions More Developed Regions Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision (medium scenario), 2005.

10. Elements of Sustainable Agriculture EQUITABLE PROFIT PEOPLE SUSTAINABLE BEARABLE VIABLE PLANET

11. Human Activities Dominate Earth Croplands and pastures are the largest terrestrial biome, occupying over 40% of Earth’s land surface

12. Persistent vs Important Issues From Jason Clay, WWF

13. Meeting Food Needs by 2050 Jason Clay The role of research

14. Key Sustainability Challenges for Agriculture • In order to meet projected demands for food, feed, fiber and fuel from the land we must increase production (output per year) by 50 to 100 percent in the next four decades. • If global production is not increased, US and European production must compensate by increasing even more. • If we want to preserve biodiversity and other land-based ecosystem services we must freeze the footprint of agriculture. • Thus yield (output per area) must more than double in the next 40 years in the US and Europe. • Energy scarcity will drive innovation while limiting expansion of productivity. • Water scarcity will limit productivity globally.

15. The Food Supply Chain Processing Production Distribution Safety Security Stability Retail Direct Mktg Wholesale Consumption

16. Sustainability Initiatives

17. The Issue is TRUST • Consumer attitudes • Social License – freedom to operate • Criteria for legitimacy • Market competitiveness • Reputational Risks!

18. (Re)Building Trust in the Food System

21. 1. Define A. Define Sustainability for the Enterprise B. Define Key Performance Indicators C. Select Metrics for KPIs Sustainability is Continuous Improvement 2. Measure A. Benchmark KPI Metrics B. Set Goals for Each KPI C. Develop Strategy to Meet Goals 3. Implement A. Implement the Strategy B. Measure, Assess and Report Results C. Adapt Strategy to Improve Outcomes

22. How We Define Sustainable Agriculture

23. Framework of Goals Long Aspirational Vision Strategic Planning Horizon Tactical Management Operational Short Breadth of Goal

24. Criteria for Key Performance Indicators of Sustainable Agriculture Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are things we measure to inform decisions. KPIs should be: • Outcomes Based. • Science Driven. • Technology Neutral. • Transparent.

25. Environmental Key Performance Indicators for Agriculture • Greenhouse Gas Emissions • Energy Use • Water Use • Land Use • Water Quality • Nutrient Use Efficiency • Habitat/Biodiversity

26. KPIs: Sentinels for Threats

27. KPIs: Sentinels for Threats

28. Human Water Security Threat Index http://riverthreat.net/ Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. C.J. Vorosmarty, P.B. McIntyre, M.O. Gessner, D. Dudgeon, A. Prusevich, P. Green, S. Glidden, S.E. Bunn, C.A. Sullivan, C. Reidy Liermann, and P.M. Davies. Nature 467, 555-561 (30 September 2010) doi:10.1038/nature09440

29. Persistent vs Important Issues From Jason Clay, WWF

30. Livestock GHG emissions are estimated at 7.1 gigatonnes CO2e per year. This is 14.5 percent of human-induced GHG emissions.

31. Potential GHG emissions reductions from nutrition, manure, and husbandry practices. Increasing forage digestibility and digestible forage intake will generally reduce GHG emissions from rumen fermentation and stored manure. Dietary lipids are effective in reducing enteric CH4 emissions. Supplementation with small amounts of concentrate feed to increase animal productivity

32. Global emissions by sector

33. Field to MarketThe Alliance for Sustainable Agriculture

34. Field to Market Membership

35. Measuring US Soybean Sustainability Metrics

36. US Ag Sustainability Initiatives

37. ISO Standard for LCA INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14044 First edition 2006-07-01 Environmental management — Life cycle assessment: Requirements and guidelines Reference number: ISO 14044:2006(E) ISO 14044 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 207, Environmental management, Subcommittee SC 5, Life cycle assessment. This first edition of ISO 14044, together with ISO 14040:2006, cancels and replaces ISO 14040:1997, ISO 14041:1998, ISO 14042:2000 and ISO 14043:2000, which have been technically revised.

38. Phases of a Life Cycle Assessment Life Cycle Assessment Framework Goal and Scope Definition Interpretation • Direct Applications: • Process Improvement • Product Assessment • Policy Analysis • Strategic Planning • Risk Management Inventory Analysis Impact Assessment

39. ISO Standard for LCA The International Organization for Standards (ISO) is a network of the national standards institutes of 162 countries, one member per country, with a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system. ISO is a non-governmental organization that forms a bridge between the public and private sectors. On the one hand, many of its member institutes are part of the governmental structure of their countries, or are mandated by their government. On the other hand, other members have their roots uniquely in the private sector, having been set up by national partnerships of industry associations. http://www.iso.org/

40. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) to Understand and Manage Supply Chain Processes

41. LCA allows for impact assessment from cradle to grave Product 1 Raw Material A Raw Material B

42. LCA allows for impact assessment from cradle to grave Product 1 Raw Material A Raw Material B Boundaries matter

43. Life Cycle Assessment Allocation Kg CO2e per kg By Mass? By Value? + = + +

44. Benchmark KPIs for GHG • National Life Cycle Carbon Footprint Study for the Production of US Swine • Carbon Footprint – 2.48 lb CO2e per serving • Emission Contributions • Sow Barn: 9.6%, including feed and manure handling • Nursery to Finish: 52.5%, including feed and manure handling • Processing and Packaging: 6.9% • Retail: 7.54% • Consumer: 23.5%

45. Benchmark KPIs for GHG

46. Benchmark KPIs for GHG • Life Cycle Analysis of Alternative Pork Management Practice • Anesthesia during castration or tail docking • Immuno-Castration Methods • Removal of Ractopamine as a feed additive • Removal of Antimicrobials to prevent disease and promote growth • Pen Gestation Housing

47. Benchmark KPIs for GHG

48. Benchmark KPIs for Water

49. Benchmark KPIs for Water • A Life Cycle Analysis of Water Use in U.S. Pork Production • 19-144 gal water per pound boneless pork • 75% from feed irrigation • 20% for drinking water

50. Benchmark KPIs for Water