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BIO-COM FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE

BIO-COM FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE. 1. How many chromosomes are shown in a normal human karyotype? 46 2. In humans, a male has _____ chromosomes. 1 X & 1 Y 3. What genetic disease is caused by a dominant allele? HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE. 4. The Human Genome Project is an attempt to ___.

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BIO-COM FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE

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  1. BIO-COM FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE

  2. 1. How many chromosomes are shown in a normal human karyotype? 46 2. In humans, a male has _____ chromosomes. 1 X & 1 Y 3. What genetic disease is caused by a dominant allele? HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE

  3. 4. The Human Genome Project is an attempt to ___. SEQUENCE ALL HUMAN DNA 5. What organisms have been produced by selective breeding? HORSES, DOGS, CATS 6. What is most likely to bring together two recessive alleles for a genetic defect? INBREEDING

  4. 7. What is the ultimate source of genetic variability? MUTATION 8. The process of making changes in the DNA code of a living organism is called ___ GENETIC ENGINEERING 9. The Scottish scientist Ian Wilmut cloned a______. SHEEP

  5. 10. If an original strand of DNA has the sequence CTAGGT, what will the sequence on the new strand? GATCCA 11. Lamarck’s theory of evolution includes the concept that new organs in a species appear as a result of ___. THE ACTIONS OF ORGANISMS AS THEY USE OR FAIL TO USE BODY STRUCTURES. 12. This type of RNA transfers the amino acids to the growing protein chain. tRNA

  6. 13. This type of RNA carries the message from DNA for the making of proteins. mRNA 14. The set of 3 consecutive nitrogen bases found on the mRNA is the _____. CODON 15. When lions prey on a herd of antelopes, some antelopes are killed and some escape. Which part of Darwin’s concept of natural selection might be used to describe this situation? SURVIVIAL OF THE FITTEST

  7. 16. ____ is the process where a piece of DNA is copied into mRNA. TRANSCRIPTION 17. The process where the mRNA is “decoded” into protein is called ____. TRANSLATION 18. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, the individuals that tend to survive are those that have ___. VARIATIONS BEST SUITED TO THE ENVIRONMENT.

  8. 19. When one part of a chromosome is left out, this is called a ___. DELETION 20. When part of a chromosome breaks off and is reattached backwards this is a ___ mutation. INVERSION 21. James Hutton’s and Charles Lyell’s work suggests that ___. EARTH IS MANY MILLIONS OF YEARS OLD.

  9. 22. When a piece of a chromosome breaks off during crossing over and attaches to a non-homologous chromosome this is a(n) _____. TRANSLOCATION 23. Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study ____. HOW TRAITS ARE INHERITED 24. Mendel called the “factors” that determine traits _____. ALLELES

  10. 25. Mendel’s principle of dominance states that ____. SOME ALLELES ARE DOMINANT AND SOME ARE RECESSIVE. 26. A tall plant is crossed with a short plant, all the offspring in the F1 generation will be ____. TALL 27.When you flip a coin, what is the probability that it will come up tails? 50%

  11. 28.In the P generation, a tall plant is crossed with a short plant. The probability that an F1 plant will be tall is ___. 100% 29. When one allele for a gene is not completely dominant over another allele this is called _____. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE 30. Human skin color is a result of ______. POLYGENIC TRAITS

  12. 31. What principle states that during gamete formation genes for different traits separate independently of each other? INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT 32. A cross of a black chicken (BB) with a white chicken (WW) produces all checkered offspring (BW). This type of inheritance is known as ____. CODOMINANCE 33. ___ is the Father of Genetics GREGOR MENDEL

  13. 34. Human A, B, O blood type is an example of ____. MULTIPLE ALLELES 35. The regulation of an organism’s internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for life is the definition of ____. HOMEOSTATSIS 36. What is the most important requirement for all living things? WATER

  14. 37. Which organisms make their own food through photosynthesis? PLANTS 38. Painted turtles are cold-blooded animals that often sit on logs and bask in the sun. Why might they do this? TO RAISE THEIR BODY TEMPERATURE. 39. What organic compound is the main source of energy for living things? CARBOHYDRATES

  15. 40. ____ is the study of organisms and their interactions with the environment. ECOLOGY 41. . The part of the experiment in which all conditions are kept the same (do not vary) are called ___. CONTROL The measure of how acidic or basic something is its ____. pH

  16. 43. Organic compounds that contain DNA and RNA are referred to a ____. NUCLEIC ACIDS A type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions is/are called ___. ENZYME

  17. 45. Is individual 2 in Figure 14–2 homozygous or heterozygous for free earlobes? HETEROZYGOUS 46. What is the genotype of individual 14 in Figure 14–2. HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE

  18. 47. In 1859, Charles Darwin published his revolutionary scientific ideas in a work titled ___. ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY NATURAL SELECTION • Use Fig. 12-1 Below to answer questions 48 & 49. Y • Figure 12-1 • 48. The object marked “X” in Fig. 12-1 is a ____. NUCELOTIDE • The object marked “Y” in Fig 12-1 is a ____. • HYDROGEN BOND

  19. 50. In the Punnett square shown in Figure 11-1, what is true about the offspring resulting from the cross? ALL TALL

  20. 51. In the karyotype shown above, how are the chromosomes that make up each numbered pair similar? CHROMOSOME LENGTH & BANDING PATTERN 52.  Which chromosomes in Figure 14-1 are autosomes? #1-22

  21. 53. Identify the sex chromosomes. What is the notation for the sex chromosomes shown here? 23RD PAIR – XY 54. How would you interpret this karyotype? (i.e., what is the sex, is there a disorder, etc.) DOWN’S SYNDROME BOY In the human karyotype, how many chromosomes are shown? 47

  22. 56. What differences are apparent in the bodies of the three tortoise species shown in Figure 15–3? NECKS ARE DIFFERENT. 57. Which of the tortoises shown in Figure 15–3 has the longest neck? HOOD ISLAND 58. Can you tell from Figure 15–3 how closely the three tortoise species resemble the ancestral species? NO

  23. 59. Vegetation on Hood Island is sparse and sometimes hard to reach. How might the vegetation have affected the evolution of the Hood Island tortoise shown in Figure 15–3? LONG NECK ALLOWED THEM TO REACH THE FOOD. 60. Considering the body structure of the tortoises shown in Figure 15–3, which tortoises might survive more successfully on Hood Island? PINTA

  24. 61. What is structure A&B in Figure 12–4? Identify that labeled structure. DNA 62. What structure F in Figure 12–4? CODON 63. What is structure E in Figure 12–4? START CODON

  25. 64. What would happen to structure F in Figure 12–4 if structure C were deleted? MUTATION 65. What process does structure X represent in Figure 12-4? TRANSCRIPTION

  26. 66. What is structure F in Figure 12-5? START CODON 67. Identify structure D in Figure 12–?. tRNA 68. What is structure G in Figure 12–5? mRNA

  27. 69. What is structure A in Figure 12-5? NUCLEUS 70. What is structure E in Figure 12-5? ANTI-CODON

  28. 71. Which of the graphs in Figure 8-2 represents the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis? A 72. Which of the graphs in Figure 8-2 represents the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis? C

  29. 73. If you know an organism has a cell wall and is a multicellular autotroph, using Figure 18-3 determine the kingdom(s) to which it can belong to? THE PLANT KINGDON (PLANTAE)

  30. 74. If you were told only that an organism is unicellular and has chloroplasts and a nucleus, which kingdom(s) does it belong to according to figure 18.3? PROTISTS KINGDOM

  31. 75. Which two organisms listed in Figure 18-4 are most closely related to each other? THE WHALE & THE MONKEY 76. Which level of taxonomic category shown in Figure 18-4 indicates whether an organism is a mammal or not? CLASS

  32. 77. What do the letters R and I represent in Figure 4-2? ALLELES 78. In Figure 4-2, what is the genotype of the pink-flowered snapdragons? RI

  33. 79. In Figure 4-2, what is the genotype of the white-flowered snapdragons? II According to Figure 4-2, if red-flowered snapdragons and ivory-flowered snapdragons are crossed, what percentage of their offspring would be expected to be pink-flowered? 100%

  34. Essay – Be able to answer the questions below. 81. Explain the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance. 82. Identify the differences between DNA & RNA. 83. What was Charles Darwin’s greatest contribution to science, and how did he develop it?

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