Origin of Civilizations Chapter I

1. Origin of CivilizationsChapter I AP World History

2. Timeline

3. The Spread of Human Populations, c. 10,000 B.C.E.

4. The Spread of Agriculture

5. Big Picture “Snap Shot” • Most people were still nomadic hunter and gatherers, in spite of the new civilizations- only about 5% lived in cities. • Definitions of civilization: Elements: urban, monumental building, writing, specialized occupations Aspects of civilizations? Cities, writing, & political organization • Animism- belief that things in nature have souls or conscience, later a supernatural force animates & organizes the universe. Key Events • (Neolithic) Agriculture Revolutions (Actually more like an evolution) • Earliest known settlements about 7000 BCE • Jericho (Jordan River ) & CatalHuyuk in Turkey • Early river valley civilizations, advanced urban cultures of Mesopotamia & Egypt • Key technology- irrigation • Cultural hearths develop (meaning where civilizations began) • Origins of major religions

6. Mesopotamia 3200-1500BC: State Building , Expansion, & Conflict: • “Political”structures & forms of governance: • Type of system- Sumerian states were not unified until about 2300BCE when Sargon the Great conquered the area- Before Sargon- most city states were theocracies • Empires- (Nations) • Sargon started the Akkadian Empire (Akkad, near current Baghdad) • About 2200 BCE city-state of Ur took over power – controlling trade • During 1700s BCE- Hammurabi started the 1st Babylonian Empire • Revolts and revolutions • Global structures - Not many global interactions at the time just trade usually local.

7. State Building , Expansion, & Conflict: “Political” structures & forms of governance • Type of system- Monarchy/Theocracy • Pharaohs enjoyed more power & prestige than almost any ruler in World History. (god) • Empires- • Old Kingdom (3100-2500BCE) Most powerful little outside influence. Start of Pyramids as Tombs (Djoser’s Pyramid and his architect Imhotep) • Middle Kingdom (2100-1650BCE) Peaceful period until the Hyksosinvaded/assimilated, start of Bronze Age in Egypt, started trade with neighbors, middle class of merchants & officials, Egypt, Kush and Axum

8. State Building , Expansion, & Conflict: • New Kingdom (1570-700BCE) Most recognized time & names of Pharaohs, started conquering nations Nubia 1st, Hebrew Exodus, Battle of Kadesh against the Hittites. Downfall after 1200BCE, • Then Egyptian Empire was gone, back to the Nile River enduring: • Invasion by “Sea Peoples” 1200BCE, • Libya 950BCE and later Nubian reunification/Assimilation • Phoenician “Purple People” influence Culture (Carthage 813BCE) • Kush invaded 777-750BCE, Pianky became ruler- Assimilated • 671 BC the Assyrian Empire invaded Egypt • End of Ancient Egypt: • 605 BCE Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar invaded • 526 BCE Persians invaded and assume power • 404 Egypt regains independence • 338 Persia regains control • Alexander the Great Egypt 332 BCE Ptolemy Dynasty 323BCE • Romans after times of protection etc… Octavian invades 30BCE

9. Kush & Nubia

10. Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of “Economic” systems • The Neolithic Revolution - 8000 to 3500 B.C.E. • Agricultural & pastoral production; • Horticulture (seed planting, science of plant cultivation) • Development of the “Fertile Crescent” • Animals began to be domesticated, Animals from 12,000 B.C.E.: dogs, sheep, goats, pigs Sedentary agriculture (Year round farming) used to plow fields (slow development – Revolution?) • Most believe it was caused by climatic shifts • Began the development of towns

11. The Spread of the Neolithic Revolution • Hunting-and-gathering persists • Pastoralism is animal husbandry • Some mobile = Nomadic tribes • Search of fresh pasture and water • Crops & Material: • Sub-Saharan Africa = root and tree crops • Northern China = millet • Southeast Asia, to China, India, islands = Rice • Mesoamerica, Peru = Maize, manioc, sweet potatoes • 5,000 years later…. • Bronze Age : Copper + Tin = Bronze {Brass}

12. Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of “Economic” systems • Trade & Commerce-3000-1700BCE Local trade, little contact with Egypt • All the city-states were economically independent, but local battles and war slowly unified them economically. • About the time of Hammurabi 1700s BCE the Babylonians started trading actively with many countries including Egypt. • Labor system- Slaves made up a big portion of the coordinated projects, unpleasant/dangerous work • Most people would work together on the irrigation • Occupations: • Read and write: Scribes, Bookkeepers, & Priests • The start of craftsman[artisans] - (not literate, but trained) metal, leather, pottery, jewelry, carpentry, masonry.

13. Development & Interaction of Cultures – “Religions” • Mesopotamia Sacred text-2000BCE, (Oral since about 7000BCE), • Epic of Gilgamesh, Uruk • Pursuit of eternal life, but did not find it. • Egyptian Sacred text- The Book of the Dead – funeral rites, and the after life, copy buried with body in the new Kingdom. • Key beliefs- Polytheistic, deities intervening in human affairs, each city had its own God, they worshiped their Gods because they were mighty, • Mesopotamia Sacred Place/structure – Ziggurats • Amulets were found on remains- evil spirits, Evidence Religious festivals • Egyptian Sacred place – Pyramids (Rock Blocks/slabs) • Was it Universal & Ethnic?? Diffusion/spread, why? (clues?)

14. Development & Interaction of Cultures continued… • Science/Technology-Mathematics (Units of 60, 10, 6) • Mesopotamia far more advance in math than Egypt. • Architecture/Buildings- Ziggurats-(bricks) • Art- Cuneiform, Statues, paintings, & Code of Hammurabi

15. Development & transformation of social structures “Culture” • Gender Roles and relations • Women’s roles, status – After Neolithic Revolution the distinction between the status of men & women happened • Women lost economic power of “Gathering” • With Agriculture men slowly took over women's roles animals and plants • In Mesopotamia & Egypt both were a patriarchal society. • But in Egypt women were in a higher status i.e.. Goddesses of Creativity & Marriage alliances

16. Development & transformation of social structures “Culture” • Mesopotamian Society, Elite/Non elites, 4 categories: • Nobles- King, his family, chief priest, & high palace officials • Free Clients of the nobility- Laborers of the Nobility, worked the land, in return rec’d small plots of land. (Similar to later feudal system) • Commoners- Free citizens independent of nobility, but not the social status or political power, they owned land and were protected by laws. • Slaves/Ethnic classes- Slaves were usually captured foreigners/POWs, plus criminals, or paying debts. • Family & kinship (Clans)-Lived in traditional family units. • Heavy penalties for adultery • Husband had absolute power

17. Development & transformation of social structures “Culture” Cont… • Communication: • Mesopotamian Language- Sumerian • Later Semite, bases of most Arab languages • Egyptian for Egypt • Hittites Indo-European • Mesopotamian Writing system- 3500BCE Cuneiform • Egyptian Writing – Hieroglyphics-

18. “Interactions” between Humans and environment • Migrations- Theory outward from Middle East from central Africa…some local trade…. • Settlement patterns along river valleys • Technology (impact on environment)- • Redirection of water through irrigation • Bricks for the Ziggurats • Limestone blocks for Pyramids • Both cultures into astrology • Settlements, villages • Slash and burn agriculture

19. Major Comparisons/Contrasts • Egypt and Mesopotamia • Nile and Euphrates/Tigris Rivers • Bronze Age (cooper & tin) Mesopotamia 3000BCE / Egypt 1700BCE after being attacked by Hyksos • Iron Age happened about 1000BCE (More inter-relation) • Religions: Polytheist • Economy: very similar (stone cutter to Egypt) • Writing: Hieroglyphs (Picture graphs) v. Cuneiform • Buildings: Ziggurats vs. Pyramids A Major Contrast: Their geographical location shaped very different political, economic, and cultural beliefs and practices. Egypt was isolated for much of its existence, while Mesopotamia was at a cross roads of population movements, and invasion

20. Overview of Mesopotamian & Egypt • Continuity & Change-over-Time- (C.C.O.T) • Continuities: • Early regional cultural hearths diffusion/movement of material and non material culture • Irrigation based advanced, settled urban cultures • Conflict between settled and nomadic cultures • Slavery generally consequences of conquest, debts, or poverty.

21. C.C.O.T. continued…. • Changes: • Increased % of people living in settled, agricultural, cultures • Increased population in advanced, urban cultures • Decline in status of women, increased patriarchy in agricultural based societies • Increased local and later regional trade routes • Rise and fall of empires