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Acids and Bases

Learn about the naming conventions, properties, and reactions of acids and bases. Understand the Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis definitions, as well as the concept of conjugate acids and bases. Explore common examples, such as hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, and discover how acids and bases conduct electricity and neutralize each other. Practice titration problems to strengthen your understanding.

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Acids and Bases

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  1. AcidsandBases

  2. Naming Acids Binary Acids (contains H & 1 other element) • Hydro- and –ic if anion does not contain oxygen HCl-hydrochloric acid Oxyacids (contain H, O, & other elements) • -ic anion ends in –ate H2SO4 - SO4 is sulfate = sulfuric acid • -ous anion ends in -ite H2SO3-SO3 is sulfite = sulfurous acid

  3. Common Acids • Sour milk (lactic acid) • Vinegar (acetic acid) • Carbonated beverages (phosphoric acid) • Lemons, oranges (citric acid) • Apples (malic acid) • Grape Juice (tartaric acid)

  4. Most commonly used product in the world Petroleum Automobile batteries Dehydration agent Metallurgy Refining Sulfuric Acid

  5. Stains proteins yellow Suffocating odor Stains skin Causes burns Explosives Rubber Plastics Dyes Pharmaceuticals Nitric Acid

  6. Phosphoric Acid • Manufacturing fertilizers for plants and animal feed • Flavoring agent in beverages • Cleaning agent for dairy equipment

  7. Hydrochloric acid • Produced in the stomach • Cleaning agent • Maintain acidity in pools

  8. Common Properties of Acids • Sour taste • Produce hydronium H3O+ ions • Change the color of acid-base indicators • React with active metals to release hydrogen gas • React with bases to produce salts and water • Conduct electric current

  9. Bases

  10. Common Bases • Lye (sodium hydroxide) • Milk of magnesia (magnesium hydroxide) • Antacids (aluminum hydroxide)

  11. Common Properties of Bases • Taste bitter • Produce hydroxide OH- ions • Change the color of acid-base indicators • Feel slippery • React with acids to produce salts and water • Conduct electric current

  12. Specific Definitions of Acids/Bases

  13. Arrhenius Acids and Bases • Arrhenius acid-increases H+ ions (H3O+) H2SO4 + H2O H3O+ +HSO4- • Arrhenius base-increases OH- ions Ca(OH)2Ca+2 + 2OH-

  14. Weak/Strong • Weak acid-weak electrolyte (end in -COOH) • Strong acid-ionizes completely, strong electrolyte (HCl) • Alkaline-base completely dissociates in water to yield OH- ions NaOH  Na+ + OH- • Strong bases-completely dissociates, strong electrolyte (end in OH)

  15. Bronsted-Lowry • Bronsted-Lowry Acid-proton donor • Bronsted-Lowry Base-proton acceptor HCl + NH3NH4+ + Cl- • Monoprotic acid-donates one proton HCl • Diprotic acid-donates two protons H2SO4 • Triprotic acid-donates three protons H3PO4

  16. Conjugate Acids and Bases • Conjugate base-the species that remains after a Bronsted-Lowry acid has given up a proton HF + H2O  F- + H3O+ Acid Conj. Base • Conjugate acid-the species that is formed when a Bronsted-Lowry base gains a proton HF + H2O  F- + H3O+ Base Conj. Acid

  17. Strength of Acid/Conj. Base Strong acidweak conjugate base Weak acidstrong conjugate base

  18. Other Terms • Amphoteric compound-any species that can react as either and acid or a base • Neutralization-the reaction of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions to form water molecules and salt Self-ionization of water H3O+ + OH-2H2O or H20 + H2OH3O+ + OH- • Salt-an ionic compound composed of a cation from a base and an anion from an acid

  19. Buffers • A solution that resists a change in its pH even when a strong acid or base is added to it. • A solution is buffered by the presence of a weak acid and its conjugate base. • Added H+ reacts with base • Added OH- reacts with weak acid

  20. Titration Practice Problems

  21. Ex 1 A 30.mL volume of HCl is titrated with 23mL of 0.20M NaOH. What is the molarity of HCl in this solution?

  22. Answer 0.15M

  23. Ex 2 A 26mL volume of NaOH is titrated with 23mL of 0.20MHCl. What is the molarity of NaOH in this solution?

  24. Answer 0.18M

  25. Ex 3 A 40.mL volume of H2SO4 is titrated with 38mL of 0.24M NaOH. What is the molarity of H2SO4 in this solution?

  26. Answer 0.11M

  27. Acid/Base Rhapsody

  28. Is this the real life? Is this just fantasy? No protons around here. Hydronium reality. Open your book and take a look and seeeeeeeeeeeee…. I’m just a poor student – prof. give me your sympathy. Marks are easy come, they’re easy go. Sometimes they’re high, sometimes they’re low. As long as you understand it, it doesn’t really matter to me - to me.

  29. Mama, just had my class, Learned about Arrhenius, Bronsted Lowry, Lewis acids. Conjugate acid/base pairs. Amphoteric and hydrides pull my hair. Mama, oo-ooo-ooo-ooh, Some salts with hydrolize. If I don’t call again this time tomorrow. Carry on, carry on, I’m studying for this test.

  30. Mama lots to learn acids strong and weak. Leveling affect- an A is what I seek. Acid-ionization constants-O, my brain is sore. Oxyacids, indicators change color! Mama oooooooooo. Water auto-ionizes forms hydroxide and hydronium all the time. What??

  31. I see a little acid and its conjugate base - Got a buffer! Got a buffer! Will you do the calculation?! Want a certain pH, find the pka that’s near. Bronsted-Lowry, Bronsted-Lowry, Bronsted-Lowry, Bronsted-Lowry rules the day. O-o-o-o-ow… I’m just a poor student spent my money at dance clubs. He’s just a poor student studies titrations at home. Spare him this question of a polyprotic acid.

  32. Easy come easy go-indicator tells you Now is the endpoint near I overshot again (and over) I overshot again (and over) I think I got it now…. I got it now OhOhOhOhOhOh Indicator, indicator, indicator lets me know The lab TA has a buret to decide for me. for me, for me, For MEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE!!!!!!

  33. So you think you can do an acid/base titration!!! But when you overshoot the endpoint, it just leads to frustration.Oh, maybe, just a little more base maybe. I’ll think I’ll get it right. I got to get it right this time.

  34. Doesn’t really matter-acid or base the same. Doesn’t really matter Doesn’t really matter to meeeeeeeeeee. Doesn’t really matter to me.

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